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Query: UNIPROT:Q86TM3 (cage)
 29,987 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Two-day-old chicks were trained to discriminate between edible chick crumbs and arrays of colored beads glued to the floor of their cage. Normal chicks learned this task within a few minutes and retained it for at least 24 h. The role of several biochemical systems known to be required for other forms of early learning in the chick was explored in this task. Antagonists and inhibitors of these systems were used in the doses known to produce amnesia in a related passive avoidance learning model. Drugs were injected intracerebrally just before training, and retention was tested at various times subsequently. The protein synthesis inhibitor anisomycin (240 nmol/chick) was without effect on retention at 30 min posttraining, but chicks were amnestic at 3 and 24 h. The protein kinases inhibitors melittin (1.2 nmol/chick) and 1-(5-isoquinolinylsulfonyl)-2-methylpiperazine hydrochloride (100 nmol/chick) were without effect on retention at 30 min posttraining but were amnestic by 3 h. While these effects are similar to those found for one-trial passive avoidance training, neither the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor antagonists (+)-5-methyl-10, 11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[a, d]cyclohepten-5,10-imine maleate (up to 15 nmol/chick) or DL-2-amino-5-phosphonovalerate (1.3 nmol/chick), both of which are amnestic for passive avoidance, nor the non-NMDA-glutamate receptor antagonist 6-cyano-7-nitroquinoxaline-2, 3,-dione (4 nmol/chick) were amnestic for the visual discrimination task. By contrast, the metabotropic glutamate receptor blocker (RS)- alpha-methyl-4-carboxyphenylglycine (300 nmol/chick) injected 5 min pretraining resulted in amnesia at 3 h posttraining. The implications of these findings for the putative "memory consolidation cascade" are discussed.
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PMID:Involvement of glutamate receptors, protein kinases, and protein synthesis in memory for visual discrimination in the young chick. 861 87

Two behavioral experiments were conducted in rats to evaluate the context-specificity of changes in nucleus accumbens glutamate transmission induced by systemic cocaine administration. At 2 weeks of withdrawal from daily cocaine injections (15 mg/kg, IP, daily x 7 days), subjects who had received cocaine in the test environment displayed a significantly greater motor response to intra-accumbens infusion of the glutamate receptor subtype-specific agonist, alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methylisoxazole-4-propionic acid (AMPA) than subjects who had received daily saline injections. Subjects who previously received cocaine in the home cage displayed no greater AMPA-induced motor activity within the test environment than saline-treated controls. In contrast, behavioral sensitization to an intra-accumbens challenge with the NMDA receptor-specific agonist, 1-aminocyclobutane-cis-1,3-dicarboxylic acid (cis-ACDA), was seen in both cocaine-treated subject groups. These results suggest that behavioral sensitization to psychostimulants may be mediated, in part, by a context-conditioned behavioral sensitization to glutamate transmission in the nucleus accumbens through AMPA/kainate receptors.
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PMID:Context-specific cross-sensitization between systemic cocaine and intra-accumbens AMPA infusion in the rat. 892 75

We studied ionotropic glutamate receptor subtypes and the effect of chronic treatment with NBQX [6-nitro-7-sulphamoyl-benzo(F)quinoxaline-2,3-dione], a selective (rs)-alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazole propionic acid (AMPA) receptor antagonist, in the spinal cord of mnd mice. NBQX (8 mg/kg daily i.p. for 3 weeks starting from 24 weeks old) significantly improved the behavioural scores (hind leg extension reflex, cage rung grasping and gait) in mnd mice, measured after the last drug injection, and increased the number of mice with 'normal' gait (from 50% to 90%, P < 0.05). Receptor binding autoradiography of the competitive N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) antagonist, [3H]CGP 39653, of [3H]AMPA and [3H]kainic acid in spinal cord sections, measured after 1 week of drug washout, were not significantly different in control and mnd mice, and were not modified by NBQX. GluR2/3 immunoreactivity, assessed using Western blotting, was significantly enhanced (by 59%, P < 0.01) in the spinal cord but not in the brain of 28-week-old mnd mice compared to age-matched control mice. NBQX treatment increased GluR2/3 immunoreactivity in the spinal cord of control mice and mnd mice by 327 +/- 74% (P < 0.01) and 212 +/- 52% (P < 0.01), respectively. The changes in GluR2/3 subunits may involve adaptive mechanisms of the receptor and play some role in the protective effect of NBQX. These findings suggest that selective antagonism of ionotropic non-NMDA receptors may be of value in the treatment of motor neuron disease.
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PMID:Biochemical and pharmacological evidence of a functional role of AMPA receptors in motor neuron dysfunction in mnd mice. 1021 24

The repeated injection of cocaine causes an increase in the capacity of a subsequent acute injection to elevate extracellular glutamate levels in the nucleus accumbens, and the present study sought to determine if the elevation in extracellular glutamate is regulated by the pairing of environmental stimuli with drug administration. Three treatment groups were injected daily for seven days with saline or cocaine (15 mg/kg, ip); 1) injection of saline in the home cage, 2) injection of cocaine in the home cage (cocaine-unpaired), and 3) injection of cocaine in the test apparatus (cocaine-paired). Three weeks following the last daily injection dialysis probes were placed into the nucleus accumbens and all rats were injected with saline followed by cocaine. Basal levels of extracellular glutamate were significantly reduced in the cocaine-paired treatment group. Moreover, only in the cocaine-paired group did the cocaine injection elevate extracellular glutamate. Repeated administration of cocaine also produces an enduring increase in the motor stimulant response to an acute cocaine injection and it was previously found that administration of the alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methylisoxazole-4-propionic acid and kainic acid glutamate receptor antagonist 6-cyano-7-nitroquinoxaline-2, 3-dione inhibited the sensitized, but not the acute motor, response to cocaine. In this study it was found that the motor stimulant response elicited by cocaine was blunted by pretreatment of the nucleus accumbens with 6-cyano-7-nitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione only in animals receiving daily cocaine injections in the paired environment. In contrast, the N-methyl-D-aspartate glutamate receptor antagonist R-(-)-3-(2-carboxypiperazin-4-yl)-propyl-1-phosphonic acid did not significantly affect cocaine-induced motor activity in any treatment group. These data support a hypothesis that environmental stimuli previously associated with daily cocaine administration can modulate glutamate transmission in the nucleus accumbens in a manner affecting cocaine-induced behavior.
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PMID:Context-specific enhancement of glutamate transmission by cocaine. 1094 57

The goal of the study was to provide evidence that the production of 50-kHz calls by adult rats is driven by potential or direct social contacts. The calls have been studied during daily visits to a cage by single or paired rats. Repeated exposure of rats to the cage frequently visited by other rats or direct contact between rats significantly increased the number of 50-kHz calls. The increase in production of 50-kHz calls was reduced by 78% after intrapreoptic-anterior hypothalamic injection of MK-801, an N-methyl-D-aspartate-type glutamate receptor antagonist. Calls emitted in all situations had a similar acoustic profile. It was found that 50-kHz calls were produced in anticipation of, and/or during, direct social contacts among adult rats and were predominantly initiated by olfactory stimuli. The calls seem to express an appetitive behavioral state in which the central glutamatergic mechanism is implicated.
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PMID:Social contacts and production of 50-kHz short ultrasonic calls in adult rats. 1192 86

Craving and relapse are core symptoms of drug addiction and alcoholism. It is suggested that, after chronic drug consumption, long-lasting neuroplastic changes within the glutamatergic system are important determinants of addictive behavior. Here, we show that the AMPA type glutamate receptor plays a crucial role in alcohol craving and relapse. We observed, in two animal models of alcohol craving and relapse, that the AMPA antagonist GYKI 52466 [1-(4-aminophenyl)-4-methyl-7, 8-methylenedioxy-5H-2, 3-benzodiazepine] dose-dependently reduced cue-induced reinstatement of alcohol-seeking behavior and the alcohol deprivation effect. The involvement of the AMPA receptor in these phenomena was further studied using mice deficient for the GluR-C AMPA subunit [GluR-C knock-out (KO)]. GluR-C KOs displayed a blunted, cue-induced reinstatement response and alcohol deprivation effect, when compared with wild-type controls; however, no differences between genotypes could be observed regarding ethanol self-administration under operant or home cage drinking conditions. These results imply a role for GluR-C in alcohol relapse, although this phenotype could also be attributable to a reduction in the total number of AMPA receptors in specific brain areas. In conclusion, AMPA receptors seem to be involved in the neuroplastic changes underlying alcohol seeking behavior and relapse. Thus, AMPA receptors represent a novel therapeutic target in preventing relapse.
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PMID:Involvement of the AMPA receptor GluR-C subunit in alcohol-seeking behavior and relapse. 1643 10

A role for glutamatergic signaling in the nucleus accumbens (NA) in both the expression and extinction of cocaine seeking has been suggested. The effects of extinction following cocaine self-administration on the expression and synaptosomal distribution of GluR1 and NMDAR1 glutamate receptor subunits in the NA shell and core and the dorsolateral striatum were examined. Rats self-administered cocaine or had access to saline for 14 days followed by a period of extinction training, home-cage exposure, or placement in the self-administration chambers with levers retracted in the absence of discrete cues. Self-administration followed by home-cage exposure reduced GluR1 expression in the NA shell and NMDAR1 expression in the dorsolateral striatum without affecting expression in the NA core. These effects were not observed following extinction. Extinction training increased synaptosomal GluR1 in the NA shell and core and NMDAR1 in the dorsolateral striatum while decreasing synaptosomal NMDAR1 in the shell. Extinction but not home-cage exposure was associated with altered expression and synaptosomal content of the scaffolding proteins PICK1 and PSD95.Following extinction, synaptosomal PICK1 decreased in the dorsolateral striatum while total PICK1 expression was increased in the shell. The synaptosomal PSD95 was decreased in the NA shell, while total PSD95 expression was increased in the core. These data suggest that extinguished cocaine seeking is associated with changes in GluR1 and NMDAR1 expression and subcellular distribution that are region-specific and consist of both a reversal of cocaine-induced adaptations and emergent extinction-related alterations that include receptor subunit redistribution and may involve alterations in scaffolding proteins.
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PMID:Region-specific alterations in glutamate receptor expression and subcellular distribution following extinction of cocaine self-administration. 1936 20

To demonstrate induction of delayed central nervous toxicity by disturbing neuronal activities in the developing brain, we administered a single intraperitoneal dose of domoic acid (DA; 1 mg/kg), a potent glutamate receptor agonist, to pregnant female mice at the gestational day of 11.5, 14.5 or 17.5. The dams had recovered from acute symptoms within 24 hr, followed by normal delivery, feeding and weaning. All male offspring mice after weaning were apparently normal in response to handlers during cage maintenance, body weight measurement and to mate mice in group housing conditions. At the age of 11 weeks, our neurobehavior testing battery revealed severe impairment of learning and memory with serious deviances of anxiety-related behaviors. The developed brain of prenatally exposed mice showed myelination failure and the overgrowth of neuronal processes of the limbic cortex neurons. This study indicates that the temporal disturbance of neurotransmission of the developing brain induces irreversible structural and functional damage to offspring which becomes monitorable in their adulthood by a proper battery of neurobehavioral tests.
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PMID:Intrauterine environment-genome interaction and children's development (2): Brain structure impairment and behavioral disturbance induced in male mice offspring by a single intraperitoneal administration of domoic acid (DA) to their dams. 1957 81

The present study is aimed at testing the hypothesis that an enriched environment (EE) induces sex-dependent changes in stress hormone release and in markers of increased brain plasticity. The focus was on hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical (HPA) axis activity, plasma levels of stress hormones, gene expression of glutamate receptor subunits and concentrations of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) in selected brain regions. Rats exposed to EE were housed in groups of 12 in large cages with various objects, which were frequently changed, for 6 weeks. Control animals were housed four per cage under standard conditions. In females the EE-induced rise in hippocampal BDNF, a neurotrophic factor associated with increased neural plasticity, was more pronounced than in males. Similar sex-specific changes were observed in BDNF concentrations in the hypothalamus. EE also significantly attenuated oxytocin and aldosterone levels only in female but not male rats. Plasma testosterone positively correlated with hippocampal BDNF in female but not male rats housed in EE. In male rats housing in EE led to enhanced levels of testosterone and adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), this was not seen in females. Hippocampal glucocorticoid but not mineralocorticoid receptor levels decreased in rats housed in EE irrespective of sex. Housing conditions failed to modify mRNA levels of glutamate receptor type 1 (Glur1) and metabotropic glutamate receptor subtype 5 (mGlur5) subunits of glutamate receptors in the forebrain. Moreover, a negative association between corticosterone and BDNF was observed in both sexes. The results demonstrate that the association between hormones and changes in brain plasticity is sex related. In particular, testosterone seems to be involved in the regulatory processes related to neuroplasticity in females.
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PMID:Enriched environment influences hormonal status and hippocampal brain derived neurotrophic factor in a sex dependent manner. 1972 63