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Query: UNIPROT:Q86TM3 (cage)
 29,987 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Prolactin along with corticosterone is a stress responsive hormone. The present study examined the effect of predictable and unpredictable psychological stress on corticosterone and prolactin secretion. Repeated unpredictable exposure to the novelty cage produced a more substantial increase in the level of corticosterone than predictable exposure to the same novelty apparatus. In contrast, predictable novelty stress induced a more substantial elevation in prolactin levels than unpredictable stress. Furthermore, it was observed that both corticosterone and prolactin returned to control levels 30 minutes after the fifth exposure to the novelty cage. It was concluded that the pattern of exposure to novelty is an important paradigm which effects the magnitude of hormonal responding. An important relationship between corticosterone release and prolactin secretion is also indicated.
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PMID:Corticosterone and prolactin responses to predictable and unpredictable novelty stress in rats. 373 40

The effects of pup exposure on plasma prolactin (PRL) levels were measured in unrestrained, steriod-primed, orchidectomized parental rats. Castrated adult male rats were treated with estradiol and progesterone for 3 weeks and then exposed to rat young until parental behavior was induced. Blood samples were then collected from parental males in both the presence and the absence of pups. Samples were obtained through the use of indwelling cannulas connected via polyethylene tubing to syringes located outside each subject's cage. Despite the intense pup stimulation provided by exposure to nine rat pups, acute rises in plasma PRL levels were not observed in these unrestrained parental male rats. Parental male rats, therefore, do not appear to have the capacity to secrete prolactin in response to acute exposure to young.
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PMID:Plasma prolactin levels in parental male rats: effects of increased pup stimuli. 400 99

It is well known that stress is a stimulant for prolactin release. However, relatively few studies have investigated the role of psychological factors in prolactin secretion, and investigators have typically used one-time exposure and a single collection period in their studies. In our studies, attempts were made to carefully characterize the prolactin response to different psychological stressors by serially sampling blood from an indwelling cannula and to determine if repeated exposure to the stressor leads to habituation of the prolactin response. Exposure of the male rats to different novel situations such as being placed in a new cage, being placed on a platform in water, or being handled resulted in increased prolactin levels. As the rats habituated behaviorally to repeated exposure to similar situations, the prolactin response also attenuated. These findings show that psychological factors do play a role in influencing prolactin secretion and are consistent with the idea that as the psychological stress imposed by a stimulus becomes habituated, the prolactin response to that stimulus also becomes habituated.
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PMID:Habituation of the prolactin response in rats to psychological stress. 403 25

Three experiments assessed the consequences of social status for the socio-sexual behaviour and endocrine state of adult male talapoin monkeys (Miopithecus talapoin). In the first study, each of five males was individually placed into a group of adult females. Neither behavioural responses, nor plasma levels of testosterone, cortisol, or prolactin, predicted males' rank or hormone levels when all males were subsequently placed with these females. In the second study, each of four mixed-sex social groups lived continuously in a large cage for periods ranging from 9-15 months. There were marked differences between the behaviour and hormone levels of highest- and lowest-ranking males. In the third study, each highest- and lowest-ranking male from these groups was individually placed with females. Males that had experienced social subordination for long periods (9-15 months) showed infrequent sexual behaviour and had elevated levels of cortisol and prolactin. These results indicate that the experience of chronic social subordination is a strong predictor of how males will subsequently behave, since both the endocrine and behavioural effects of subordination persist even after the dominant males are removed.
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PMID:Subordination in male talapoin monkeys lowers sexual behaviour in the absence of dominants. 408 Aug 31

Stress-induced changes in renin and prolactin secretion were studied using a conditioned emotional response paradigm. Three minutes after being placed in a chamber, the stressed animals received a brief electric shock (1.0 mA for 10 s through the grid floor), then were returned to their home cage. This procedure was repeated for 3 consecutive days. On the fourth day, the rats were placed in the chamber for 3 min, but instead of receiving shock, they were removed and sacrificed. Control animals were treated in the same manner, except that they never received foot shock. The sham-operated stressed rats evidenced significant elevations in plasma renin activity (270%) and prolactin level (550%). Electrolytic lesions in the dorsal raphe nucleus blocked the stress-induced increase in plasma renin activity but did not affect the stress-induced increase in prolactin secretion. Electrolytic lesions in the median raphe nucleus did not affect prolactin levels in either control or stressed animals. However, median raphe lesions led to a significant increase in plasma renin activity in non-stressed rats and potentiated the stress-induced elevation in plasma renin activity. These results suggest that neurons within the dorsal and median raphe nuclei are involved in the regulation of renin but not prolactin secretion during stress. The results also suggest that median raphe neurons play a role in basal renin secretion.
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PMID:Role of midbrain raphe in stress-induced renin and prolactin secretion. 620 72

The present studies were carried out to characterize and compare the acute effects of cage-restraint or administration of a mild anaesthetic on serum levels of testosterone (T) cortisol (C), prolactin (Prl) and bioactive luteinizing hormone (LH) in adult male rhesus monkeys. Serum T levels declined progressively while C levels increased in the 3 sequential blood samples obtained at 20 min intervals from restrained monkeys. Prl and LH levels in the serum remained unaltered. Following single or multiple injections of ketamine hydrochloride (10 mg/kg) serum T levels did not decline progressively as seen in the blood samples obtained from the cage-restrained, conscious monkeys. Serum C and Prl levels showed a progressive rise following anaesthetization. LH levels were not affected by the anaesthetic. The findings reported here are of pertinent relevance to the evaluation of acute effects of any experimental procedure aimed at altering circulating levels of the hormones studied.
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PMID:Serum levels of testosterone, cortisol, prolactin and bioactive luteinizing hormone in adult male rhesus monkeys following cage-restraint or anaesthetizing with ketamine hydrochloride. 722 11

We studied whether voluntary running in an activity wheel moderates splenic natural killer (NK) cell cytotoxicity after footshock. Young (50-day) male Fischer 344 rats were randomly assigned to 1) sedentary (n = 16) or 2) activity-wheel (n = 16) groups that each received controllable or uncontrollable footshock on 2 consecutive days or 3) a sedentary home-cage control group (n = 8). Spleens and trunk blood were collected 30 min after the second footshock session. Cytotoxicity was determined by a standard 4-h 51Cr release assay. Percentages of OX6+ (B), OX8+ [T suppressor/cytotoxic (Ts/c)], W3/25+ (T helper), Thy-1.1 (Pan T cell marker), and 5C6+ (NK) cells were determined by flow cytometry. Plasma adrenocorticotropic hormone, corticosterone, and prolactin concentrations were measured by radioimmunoassay as modulators of NK activity. Percentage of specific lysis after footshock was approximately 52% of control values for sedentary animals compared with approximately 96% of control values for activity-wheel animals. The groups did not differ in percentages of NK or Ts/c cells. We conclude that voluntary activity-wheel running protects against the suppression of splenic NK activity induced by footshock. This protective effect of wheel running is not explained by an elevation in baseline NK activity; increased percentages of splenic NK or Ts/c cells; or plasma levels of adrenocorticotropic hormone, corticosterone, and prolactin.
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PMID:Activity-wheel running attenuates suppression of natural killer cell activity after footshock. 761 68

The effects of two drugs known to affect microtubules (nocodazole, a depolymerizing agent, and taxol, a polymerizing and stabilizing agent) have been tested in GH3B6 prolactin (PRL) cells, a rat pituitary cell line. Under basal condition, GH3B6 cells displayed a dense and entangled microtubule (MT) network, and a tight perinuclear cage of cytokeratin fibers with branching bundles in the cytoplasm. Nocodazole induced a disappearance of MT in the cytoplasm accompanied by the formation of tubulin blebs at the cell periphery, and a slackening of the perinuclear cage of cytokeratin. Taxol induced the formation of straight MT bundles in the cytoplasm, and a tightening of the cytokeratin cage. In parallel, nocodazole induced a fragmentation of the Golgi apparatus which appeared, after staining with antibodies against PRL or against mannosidase II, a Golgi membrane antigen, as small subunits dispersed in the cytoplasm. Taxol induced a perturbation of the Golgi apparatus which, however, remained located near the nucleus. Surprisingly, despite their obvious effects on the subcellular organization, the two MT drugs did not perturb the basal and thyroliberin (TRH)-stimulated PRL release. Moreover, they do not seem to affect the intracellular transport and release of neosynthesized PRL as appreciated by "pulse-chase" experiments. These observations demonstrate that, although MT assume an important role in the spatial compartmentalization of GH3B6 cells, they are not directly involved in the different steps of the intracellular PRL transport from its synthesis site to its release site, as well as in the associated membrane traffic.
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PMID:Nocodazole and taxol affect subcellular compartments but not secretory activity of GH3B6 prolactin cells. 768 14

Removal of the pups results in an abrupt and marked depression in plasma prolactin (PRL) level of the lactating mother. The present studies were undertaken to investigate what kind of sensory input (smell, sound, visual, touch etc.) from the pups is essential for the mother to avoid the pituitary PRL response to pup-removal. Therefore, various partial separations were made and their effect on plasma PRL levels tested: a. The pups were placed into a small glass having holes on its cover; b. they were put into a long measuring tube not covered; c. the pups were placed into the feeding trough made of a wireframe; d. a dividing wall made of glass or metal was slowly let down when the mother spontaneously went away from her pups; e. the nipples were covered by a cotton plaster. Pituitary PRL responses were almost identical after all these separations and similar to that one obtained after removal of the pups from the cage. In addition, separation of the mother resulted in a rise in plasma corticosterone concentrations. The findings suggest that the pup-removal induced inhibition of PRL secretion is a very complex event for the mother and cannot be prevented by partial separations when the mother can see, smell her pups, or hear them or even can touch them with her nose. We assume that separation of the pups is a stress for the mother and cannot simply be due to the lack of just one kind of sensory input from the pups. This assumption is in line with our recent observations indicating that in lactating rat stress causes a decrease in plasma PRL level.
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PMID:Effect of various partial separations of the litters from their mother on plasma prolactin levels of lactating rats. 772 15

It is generally believed that physical fitness promotes health by attenuating responsiveness to other stressors. The experimental evidence for this belief is limited and does not extend to interactions between the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal cortical (HPA) and hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axes. We tested the hypothesis that treadmill exercise training would lead to an estrogen-dependent hyporesponsiveness of the HPA axis that would generalize to immobilization stress. Ovariectomized female Sprague-Dawley rats (N = 74) that had been treadmill trained (TT) or sedentary for 6 weeks received intramuscular injections of estradiol benzoate (Eb) or sesame oil on each of 3 days prior to 15 min of acute treadmill running or immobilization. Plasma (adrenocorticotrophin) (ACTH), (corticosterone) (B) and (prolactin) (PRL) were determined from trunk blood by radioimmunoassay and compared in a 2 group (TT vs. sedentary)-by-2 treatment (Eb vs. oil)-by-2 acute stressor (running vs. immobilization) design. Home-cage (HC) animals (N = 24) provided baseline hormone levels. ACTH and B levels were elevated after stressors in animals treated with either Eb or oil compared to HC, but increases in PRL after stressors were dependent on Eb. Treadmill exercise training led to an attenuation of ACTH and prolactin to running, but the attenuation did not generalize to immobilization. In contrast, treadmill exercise training led to a hyperresponsiveness of ACTH. Treadmill training did not modulate prolactin responses to immobilization. The modulating effects of the estradiol treatment are consistent with an interaction of the HPA and HPG axes in response to stress.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Treadmill exercise training and estradiol differentially modulate hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal cortical responses to acute running and immobilization. 778 48


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