Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UNIPROT:Q86TM3 (cage)
 29,987 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The cytoskeletal organization of the rat pituitary tumor cell line GH3B6 was analysed using immunofluorescence, in basal conditions and after stimulation by thyroliberin (TRH). Under basal conditions, a dense and entangled cytoplasmic microtubule network, a perinuclear cage of cytokeratin fibers, and a diffuse distribution of F-actin were revealed. Short-term stimulation of these cells by TRH induces a first early phase of PRL release (0-2 min), concomitant with a rarefaction of cytoplasmic PRL-containing granules, followed by a second plateau phase (5-30 min), concomitant with modifications of the Golgi zone. We show that TRH induced early and transient modifications in the cytoskeletal distribution during these short periods of stimulation. First, after 2 min of stimulation, small fluorescent tubulin blebs appeared under the plasma membrane. Then, after 5 min they disappeared, and a thin actin network, accentuated by thicker fibers, organized transiently in the cytoplasm. After 30 min, the microtubules and cytokeratin networks had extended throughout the cytoplasm and the actin distribution was diffuse again. So, in this study, we have shown the existence of a parallelism between the redistribution of intracellular PRL compartments and the reorganization of cytoskeletal elements, during exposure to TRH. We could not clearly correlate these modifications with transduction mechanisms involved in TRH action.
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PMID:Rapid and transient reorganization of the cytoskeleton in GH3B6 cells during short-term exposure to thyroliberin. 175 4

The cannulation method consists of implanting a silastic catheter in the jugular vein. Passing subcutaneously, the catheter emerges on the back between the scapulae. It is protected by a spiral spring and anchored on a support outside the wire pen. Two swivels, the first one at the point of subcutaneous entry of the catheter on the mink, the second one on the emerging catheter at the top of the cage, allow movements of the mink without twisting up the catheter. Using this chronic cannulation system, the effects of handling and anaesthesia on concentrations of plasma PRL and LH have been studied.
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PMID:A chronic jugular catheterization for remote blood sampling in freely moving mink. 323 9

PRL release, milk ejection, and electroencephalographic states of sleep were monitored in conscious, lactating Holtzman rats. Plasma PRL levels were low in rats separated from their litters, but they increased when pups were returned to the cage, attached to the nipples of the mother, and suckled. The pups emitted ultrasonic vocalizations upon their return to the cage and before their attachment to the nipples. Exposure of mothers to the vocalizations of pups, whereas nipple attachment was prevented, failed to increase PRL release. In confirmation of previous work, milk ejection did not occur until the suckled mother exhibited electroencephalographic signs of sleep, and milk ejection could be inhibited if sleep was prevented. In contrast, sleep was not a prerequisite for PRL release and sleep deprivation of suckled mothers could not inhibit release of PRL. In summary, suckling-induced release of PRL was followed by an increased incidence of sleep and then by milk ejection. It is hypothesized that the rise in plasma PRL induces the sleep necessary for the reflex release of oxytocin required for milk ejection.
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PMID:Relationship of prolactin release in lactating rats to milk ejection, sleep state, and ultrasonic vocalization by the pups. 669 Feb 94

Endocrine changes mediating male-induced estrus were examined in intact female mice which were rendered pseudopregnant by housing in groups. Adult female mice were placed in group cages on the day of estrus, and on day 5 of the ensuing pseudopregnancy, a mature male mouse was placed in the group cage. Animals were killed and serum levels of LH, FSH, PRL, estradiol, and progesterone were assayed over the 72 h after introduction of the male. During the first 24 h of male exposure, progesterone plummeted to basal levels. These events were followed by a gradual rise in serum estradiol, an increase in uterine weight, and an LH surge at 62 h which was followed by ovulation. PRL levels tended to be lower in treated females, but this was not significant. It is postulated that the initial exercise of the male is to destroy the corpus luteum of pseudopregnancy,presumably by suppressing luteal support. The question is raised of whether the male is also necessary to induce the subsequent LH surge or if suppression of the corpus luteum is sufficient for estrus to result.
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PMID:Changes in serum hormone levels associated with male-induced ovulation in group-housed adult female mice. 718 49

It is generally believed that physical fitness promotes health by attenuating responsiveness to other stressors. The experimental evidence for this belief is limited and does not extend to interactions between the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal cortical (HPA) and hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axes. We tested the hypothesis that treadmill exercise training would lead to an estrogen-dependent hyporesponsiveness of the HPA axis that would generalize to immobilization stress. Ovariectomized female Sprague-Dawley rats (N = 74) that had been treadmill trained (TT) or sedentary for 6 weeks received intramuscular injections of estradiol benzoate (Eb) or sesame oil on each of 3 days prior to 15 min of acute treadmill running or immobilization. Plasma (adrenocorticotrophin) (ACTH), (corticosterone) (B) and (prolactin) (PRL) were determined from trunk blood by radioimmunoassay and compared in a 2 group (TT vs. sedentary)-by-2 treatment (Eb vs. oil)-by-2 acute stressor (running vs. immobilization) design. Home-cage (HC) animals (N = 24) provided baseline hormone levels. ACTH and B levels were elevated after stressors in animals treated with either Eb or oil compared to HC, but increases in PRL after stressors were dependent on Eb. Treadmill exercise training led to an attenuation of ACTH and prolactin to running, but the attenuation did not generalize to immobilization. In contrast, treadmill exercise training led to a hyperresponsiveness of ACTH. Treadmill training did not modulate prolactin responses to immobilization. The modulating effects of the estradiol treatment are consistent with an interaction of the HPA and HPG axes in response to stress.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Treadmill exercise training and estradiol differentially modulate hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal cortical responses to acute running and immobilization. 778 48

PRL-1 (phosphatase of regenerating liver-1), PRL-2 and PRL-3 are protein tyrosine phosphatases with a C-terminal prenylation motif that are localized to the inner leaflet of the plasma membrane and early endosomes. A variety of metastatic PRL-overexpressing cancers have been reported. Therefore, the three PRL-phosphatases represent an intriguing group of proteins being validated as biomarkers and therapeutic targets in cancer. Targeting intracellular PRLs to prevent cancer metastasis by exogenous reagents is a challenging task. In an attempt to destroy PRL-overexpressing cancer cells with their respective PRL-antibodies, we generated an animal model that allows rapid formation of aggressive metastatic tumors caused by inoculation of PRL-1- or PRL-3-expressing cells. Surprisingly, mice treated with PRL-1 or PRL-3 mAbs show inhibition of tumor formation by approximately 90% compared to untreated mice. Here we provide the first examples that PRL-1 and PRL-3 mAbs are able to target their respective phosphatases specifically and efficiently despite their intracellular localization to block cancer metastasis in experimental animals. Furthermore, we also demonstrate that PRL-1 mAb specifically blocks the formation of metastatic tumors formed by PRL-1- (but not PRL-3-) expressing cells; while PRL-3 mAb specifically blocks tumor formation of PRL-3- (but not PRL-1-) expressing cells. More importantly, we show that metastatic tumor formation by A2780 human ovarian cancer cells that express endogenous PRL-3 is dramatically blocked by PRL-3 antibodies. In contrast, the PRL-3 antibody treatment has no effect on tumor formation of CT26 mouse colon cancer cells which do not naturally express PRL-3 protein. Our data provide hope for the treatment of PRL-expressing cancers and will prompt a reevaluation of a wide spectrum of intracellular oncoproteins as possible targets with mAbs for anticancer therapy.
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PMID:Monoclonal antibodies target intracellular PRL phosphatases to inhibit cancer metastases in mice. 1836 70