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 29,987 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

This case-control study of nasal and paranasal sinus tumors, in males diagnosed between 1978 and 1981 in the Netherlands, was designed to identify environmental risk factors. Special attention was given to assessing any association between nasal cancer and an occupational history of possible formaldehyde exposure while taking into account histologic type of tumor, history of tobacco use, and occupational exposure to wood dust. Of the 116 cases and 259 controls identified, interviews were completed for 91 (78%) of the cases and 195 (75%) of the controls. Adenocarcinoma was strongly associated with a history of high wood dust exposure (RR = 27.0). Two independent assessments of the association between possible formaldehyde exposure and the risk for nasal cancer were carried out (Assessments A and B). By Assessment A the relative risk for nasal cancer associated with possible formaldehyde exposure was 2.5 and by Assessment B it was 1.9. The risk appeared to be most strongly associated with squamous-cell carcinoma and could not be attributed to differences between cases and controls in age, smoking habits, or wood dust exposure. By its retrospective nature, the classification of formaldehyde exposure in this study is not based on known exposures to formaldehyde but on assessment of employment in jobs where formaldehyde exposure is thought possible. Given the limitations of the study, the authors do not consider that it provides conclusive evidence of a carcinogenic effect for formaldehyde, but that it indicates a need for further research--particularly into formaldehyde and squamous carcinoma of the nose.
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PMID:Cancer of the nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses, and formaldehyde exposure. 395 59

A new autoantibody against a 155-kDa protein has been described in patients with myositis. We conducted a study to determine the occurrence and types of cancer occurring in a cohort of patients with polymyositis (PM) or dermatomyositis (DM) and analyzed the value of this autoantibody as a serologic marker of cancer-associated myositis (CAM). Serum samples from all patients were examined by protein immunoprecipitation assays with HeLa cells to determine the presence of a 155-kDa protein band. HLA-DRB1 and DQA1 typing was performed by polymerase chain reaction-reverse sequence specific oligonucleotide. Statistical analyses were carried out with the Mann Whitney U and Fisher exact tests. Associations were determined using odds ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence intervals (CI). Eighty-five patients with myositis (20 PM and 65 DM) were included. CAM was detected in 16 patients (19%), 14 with DM. The shawl sign rash was significantly more frequent in patients with CAM than in those without (p < 0.01). Adenocarcinoma was the most frequent type of cancer (87.5%). Anti-p155 autoantibody was found in 1 of the 20 (5%) patients with PM and in 15 of the 65 (23%) patients with DM. A relationship between anti-p155 and CAM was found in DM patients (OR, 23; 95% CI, 5.23-101.2). The HLA-DQA1*0102 allele was not found in any of the anti-p155-positive patients. The prevalence of CAM in our cohort was 19%. Autoantibody against p155 was highly related to CAM and could be a reliable marker of cancer in patients with DM.
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PMID:Cancer-associated myositis and anti-p155 autoantibody in a series of 85 patients with idiopathic inflammatory myopathy. 2007 4

Adenocarcinoma, a type of non-small cell lung cancer, is the most frequently diagnosed lung cancer and the leading cause of lung cancer mortality in the United States. It is well documented that biochemical changes occur early in the transition from normal to cancer cells, but the extent to which these alterations affect tumorigenesis in adenocarcinoma remains largely unknown. Herein, we describe the application of mass spectrometry and multivariate statistical analysis in one of the largest biomarker research studies to date aimed at distinguishing metabolic differences between malignant and nonmalignant lung tissue. Gas chromatography time-of-flight mass spectrometry was used to measure 462 metabolites in 39 malignant and nonmalignant lung tissue pairs from current or former smokers with early stage (stage IA-IB) adenocarcinoma. Statistical mixed effects models, orthogonal partial least squares discriminant analysis and network integration, were used to identify key cancer-associated metabolic perturbations in adenocarcinoma compared with nonmalignant tissue. Cancer-associated biochemical alterations were characterized by (i) decreased glucose levels, consistent with the Warburg effect, (ii) changes in cellular redox status highlighted by elevations in cysteine and antioxidants, alpha- and gamma-tocopherol, (iii) elevations in nucleotide metabolites 5,6-dihydrouracil and xanthine suggestive of increased dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase and xanthine oxidoreductase activity, (iv) increased 5'-deoxy-5'-methylthioadenosine levels indicative of reduced purine salvage and increased de novo purine synthesis, and (v) coordinated elevations in glutamate and UDP-N-acetylglucosamine suggesting increased protein glycosylation. The present study revealed distinct metabolic perturbations associated with early stage lung adenocarcinoma, which may provide candidate molecular targets for personalizing therapeutic interventions and treatment efficacy monitoring.
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PMID:Metabolomic markers of altered nucleotide metabolism in early stage adenocarcinoma. 2565 18

Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is a leading cause of cancer-associated mortality worldwide. Adenocarcinoma (AC) and squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) are two primary histological subtypes of NSCLC, accounting for ~70% of lung cancer cases. Increasing evidence suggests that AC and SCC differ in the composition of genes and molecular characteristics. Previous research has focused on distinguishing AC from SCC or predicting the NSCLC patient survival rates using gene expression profiles, usually with the aid of a feature selection method. The present study conducted a pre-filtering to identify the genes that have significant expression values and a high connection with other genes in the gene network, and then used the radial coordinate visualization method to identify relevant genes. By applying the proposed procedure to NSCLC data, it was demonstrated that there is a clear segmentation between AC and SCC, however not between patients with a good prognosis and bad prognosis. The focus of discriminating AC and SCC differs from survival prediction and there are almost no overlaps between the two gene signatures. Overall, a supervised learning method is preferred and future studies aiming to identify prognostic gene signatures with an increased prediction efficiency are required.
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PMID:Classification and survival prediction for early-stage lung adenocarcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma patients. 2909 36

Disturbed balance between immune surveillance and tolerance may lead to poor clinical outcomes in some malignancies. In paired analyses of adenocarcinoma and normal mucosa from 142 patients, we found a significant increase of the CD4/CD8 ratio and accumulation of regulatory T cells (Tregs) within the adenocarcinoma. The increased frequency of Tregs correlated with the local infiltration and extension of the tumor. There was concurrent maturation arrest, upregulation of programmed death-1 expression, and functional impairment in CD8+ T cells (CTLs) isolated from the adenocarcinoma. Adenocarcinoma-associated Tregs directly inhibit the function of normal human CTLs in vitro. With histopathological analysis, Foxp3+ Tregs were preferentially located in stroma. Concurrent transcriptome analysis of epithelial cells, stromal cells, and T cell subsets obtained from carcinomatous and normal intestinal samples from patients revealed a distinct gene expression signature in colorectal adenocarcinoma-associated Tregs, with overexpression of CCR1, CCR8, and TNFRSF9, whereas their ligands CCL4 and TNFSF9 were found upregulated in cancerous epithelium. Overexpression of WNT2 and CADM1, associated with carcinogenesis and metastasis, in cancer-associated stromal cells suggests that both cancer cells and stromal cells play important roles in the development and progression of colorectal cancer through the formation of a tumor microenvironment. The identification of CTL anergy by Tregs and the unique gene expression signature of human Tregs and stromal cells in colorectal cancer patients may facilitate the development of new therapeutics against malignancies.
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PMID:Deregulated Mucosal Immune Surveillance through Gut-Associated Regulatory T Cells and PD-1+ T Cells in Human Colorectal Cancer. 2958 58

Lung cancer (LC) is a leading cause of cancer-associated mortalities worldwide. Adenocarcinoma (AC) and squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) account for ~70% of all cases of LC. Since AC and SCC are two distinct diseases, their corresponding prognostic genes associated with patient survival time are expected to be different. To date, only a few studies have distinguished patients with good prognosis from those with poor prognosis for each specific subtype. In the present study, the Cox filter model, a feature selection algorithm that identifies subtype-specific prognostic genes to incorporate pathway information and eliminate redundant genes, was adopted. By applying the proposed model to data on non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), it was demonstrated that both redundant gene elimination and search space restriction can improve the predictive capacity and the model stability of resulting prognostic gene signatures. To conclude, a pre-filtering procedure that incorporates pathway information for screening likely irrelevant genes prior to complex downstream analysis is recommended. Furthermore, a feature selection algorithm that considers redundant gene elimination may be preferable to one without such a consideration.
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PMID:Identification of subtype-specific prognostic signatures using Cox models with redundant gene elimination. 2980 91

"Lung cancer associated with cystic airspaces" is an uncommon manifestation, in which lung cancer presents on imaging studies with a cystic area with associated consolidation and/or ground glass. With the widespread use of computed tomography (CT), both in clinical practice and for lung cancer screening, these tumors are being more frequently recognized. An association of this entity with smoking has been established with the majority of cases reported being in former and current smokers. The true pathogenesis of the cystic airspace is not yet fully understood. Different causes of this cystic airspace have been described, including a check-valve mechanism obstructing the small airways, lepidic growth of adenocarcinoma on emphysematous lung parenchyma, cyst formation of tumor and tumor growth along the wall of a pre-existing bulla. Adenocarcinoma is the commonest histological type, followed by squamous cell carcinoma. Two classification systems have been described, based on morphological features of the lesion, taking into account both the cystic airspace as well as the morphology of the surrounding consolidation or ground glass. The cystic component may mislead radiologists to a benign etiology and the many different faces on imaging can make early diagnosis challenging. Special attention should be made to focal or diffuse wall thickening and consolidation or ground glass abutting or interspersed with cystic airspaces. Despite their atypical morphology, staging and management currently are still similar to that of other lung cancer types. Although the rarity of this entity will hamper larger studies, numerous aspects regarding this particular lung cancer type still need to be unraveled. This manuscript reviews the CT-imaging findings and gives an overview of available data in the English literature on pathogenesis, histopathology and clinical findings. Differential diagnosis and pitfalls are discussed as well as future directions regarding staging and management.
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PMID:Diagnostic and clinical features of lung cancer associated with cystic airspaces. 3101 89

Adenocarcinoma of the prostate is occasionally associated with pulmonary embolism, occurring as a result of secondary hypercoagulable states or cancer-associated emboli. The objective of this study was to provide a review of clinical, histopathological and immunohistochemical features of poorly differentiated prostatic adenocarcinoma, emphasizing the relevance of undiagnosed malignancy as a cause of pulmonary embolism. The current study describes the case of a 78-year-old male who experienced remarkable clinical symptoms suggestive of pulmonary embolism. Following several diagnostic examinations, the patient was diagnosed with pulmonary embolism, which led to the detection of prostatic adenocarcinoma. Poorly differentiated adenocarcinoma with a Gleason's score of nine was set as a definite diagnosis. Multiple tumor emboli within small and medium-sized pulmonary blood vessels were found in all specimens taken from lung tissue. Immunohistochemical analysis showed diffuse and strong positivity of tumor cells within pulmonary arteries. Hidden malignancy is a diagnostic challenge that should be considered in the differential diagnosis of pulmonary embolism. Laboratory and radiological findings with additional histopathological evaluation are needed for the definite diagnosis.
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PMID:An autopsy case of massive pulmonary tumor embolism due to undiagnosed prostatic adenocarcinoma. 3169 Oct 70