Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UNIPROT:Q86TM3 (cage)
 29,987 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The possibility of socially stressing the dominant/aggressive member of a pair of male mice is tested. Male mice (NMRI outbreed strain) were housed in pairs to assess dominant and subordinate roles by agonistic interactions and urine-marking test. Social stress for dominant males consisted in 30 min/day of exposure to their subordinate partner interacting with a female in the adjacent compartment of the cage, for 9 days. Results showed that dominance status was maintained. Behavioural observations indicated that neither the subordinates nor the dominant males habituated to this experimental procedure. At the end of the chronic stress, dominant animals were given the opportunity to interact for 30 min with a female in their compartment. Results indicated that stressed dominants showed impairment in their sexual behaviour and were more oriented towards the physical environment in comparison with control dominants. The behavioural response to apomorphine (0.25 mg/kg) indicated an alteration of the dopaminergic functioning in socially stressed dominant mice. This study suggests that the characteristics of the stressor and the effects of the chronic social stress could be different, according to male social status.
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PMID:A model of social stress in dominant mice: effects on sociosexual behaviour. 1143 70

We explored the effects of short, intermediate, and continuous social stress on daily ethanol and water intake in rats. The study was designed to: (1) detect increases in intake during hours when animals were not stressed; and (2) detect shifts in preference from solutions with high to low alcohol content. Male Long-Evans rats acquired ethanol self-administration using a sucrose-fading procedure, which was followed by continuous access to 10% and 3% ethanol solutions and water. After intake stabilized, rats were exposed to three periods of five consecutive days of social stress, with 8-10 days without stress in between. Short social stress consisted of being attacked and defeated by an aggressive opponent, followed by 30 min exposure to threats by the aggressive male while in a protective cage. Intermediate and continuous social stress consisted of a 6 h or 24 h 'threat of attack' exposure, respectively. All stress exposures reduced daily intake of 10% ethanol, did not cause changes in intake of 3% ethanol, and caused increases in water intake. No compensatory ethanol consumption was observed on stress days or after stress exposure was discontinued. These results are at variance with the hypothesis for increased alcohol consumption during or following social stress episodes.
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PMID:Short or continuous social stress: suppression of continuously available ethanol intake in subordinate rats. 1171 Jul 48

The purpose of the present study was to investigate the contribution of prostaglandins (PGs) synthesized by constitutive (COX-1) and inducible (COX-2) cyclooxygenase to stimulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis by adrenergic receptor agonists in rats under social crowing stress 3 days, (21 per a cage for 6) animals. The effects of phenylephrine, clonidine and isoprenaline, an alpha1-, alpha2- and beta-adrenergic agonist, respectively, in the presence and absence of COX-1 inhibitor, piroxicam, and COX-2 inhibitor, compound NS-398, on ACTH and corticosterone secretion in stressed rats were compared with these effects in non-stressed animals. All drugs were given intracerebroventricularly (i.c.v.), COX inhibitors 15 min before adrenergic agonists. Piroxicam (0.02 microg) and NS-398 (0.1 microg) significantly reduced the phenylephrine (30 microg) -induced ACTH and corticosterone secretion in both stressed and non-stressed rats. Piroxicam (0.02 microg) and NS-398 (0.01 microg) moderately decreased the clonidine (10 microg) -evoked hormone responses in control rats but did not alter these responses in stressed rats. Piroxicam (0.2 microg) and NS-398 (0.1 microg) moderately diminished the isoprenaline (20 microg) -evoked ACTH and corticosterone response in control rats, while in stressed rats these inhibitors did not significantly alter the isoprenaline-induced rise in ACTH and corticosterone secretion. These results indicate that in hypothalamic structures involved in the regulation of adrenergic agonists-induced HPA stimulation COX-2 is expressed under physiological synaptic activity. Social crowding stress does not alter the significant involvement of prostaglandins in the HPA response induced by stimulation of central alpha1-adrenergic receptors. Prostaglandins are of lesser importance in activation of the HPA axis by alpha2- and beta-adrenergic receptors under basal and social stress conditions.
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PMID:Effect of social stress on COX-1 and COX-2-induced alterations in the adrenergic agonists-evoked hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal responses. 1178 75

The effects of chronic social stress on behavioral sensitization to cocaine were investigated in the Syrian hamster. Adolescent animals received either 15 mg/kg i.p. of cocaine or saline twice per day for 7 consecutive days. Two weeks following the last injection (young adulthood), they were given a challenge dose of 5 mg/kg i.p. of cocaine and scored for locomotion. Motor activity was significantly greater in cocaine-treated animals, demonstrating sensitization to this psychostimulant. Following the results of the first study, another group of adolescent animals was exposed to either a novel clean cage (control) or an aggressive resident male hamster (social stress) for 15 min following an injection of cocaine (20 mg/kg i.p. once daily) or saline for 7 consecutive days. The groups were as follows: Social Stress/Cocaine (SSC), No Social Stress/Cocaine (NSSC), Social Stress/Saline (SSS) and No Social Stress/Saline (NSSS). Two weeks following the last injection (Day 21), all animals were given a challenge dose of cocaine (5 mg/kg i.p.) and were rescored for locomotion. At that time, the suppressive effect of stress on locomotion was no longer detectable, as the expression of sensitization was observed in the NSSC but not in the SSC group. These results suggest that chronic social stress administered during adolescence does not cross-sensitize with cocaine in young adult hamsters.
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PMID:Social stress does not alter the expression of sensitization to cocaine. 1212 80

We previously found stress-reduction in rats exposed to an oxytocin-injected cage-mate. Olfactory impairment and oxytocin antagonist treatment blocked the effect. Here, we investigated effects of social stress on the exposure-induced response and exposure on amygdaloid oxytocin concentrations. CT concentrations in exposed olfactorily impaired, CT antagonist-treated and saline-injected unexposed rats were reduced, compared to the significantly higher level in untreated and exposed saline-injected rats. Saline injections and group mixing enhanced heat dissipation. Exposure abolished the injection-induced, but not mixing-induced stress response, most likely via a social stress induced effect on the oxytocin-injected rat. The difference in exposure responsivity may relate to recognition, stress type and intensity affecting different stress-response systems. The mechanism could reinforce social attachment.
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PMID:Social stress blocks energy conservation in rats exposed to an oxytocin-injected cage mate. 1216 65

Genetic selection for high or low group productivity and survivability (HGPS, LGPS) has created two phenotypically distinct chicken lines. Each line has unique characteristics in behavioral and physiological adaptability to multiple-bird cage system. The present study was designed to examine whether these differences reflect genetic variation in the control of plasma dopamine (DA) concentrations and adrenal function in response to social stress. Chickens from the HGPS and LGPS lines were randomly assigned to single- or 10-bird cages at 17 wk of age. The 10-bird cages were the same as those used in the development of the two lines. Differences in regulation of DA concentrations and adrenal function in response to different social environments were measured between the two lines when the study was conducted at 24 wk of age. In the 10-bird cages, the HGPS line had lower levels of DA (P < 0.05) and heavier adrenal glands (AG, P < 0.05) than those of the LGPS line, but concentrations of corticosterone (CORT) from the two lines were not significantly different. In the single-bird cages, DA levels in both lines were greater than in that of their siblings in the 10-bird cages, but a greater increase was found in the LGPS line (P < 0.01 and P < 0.05, 405% vs. 293%). Likewise, both lines had lower concentrations of CORT (P < 0.05) in the single- vs. 10-bird cages, but the AG were less heavy in the LGPS line but not in HGPS line in the single-bird cages (P < 0.05). The results indicated that the two strains reacted differently in terms of their stress hormone levels in the two different environments. These differences could contribute to the behavioral and physiological differences existing between the two lines.
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PMID:Social stress in laying hens: differential effect of stress on plasma dopamine concentrations and adrenal function in genetically selected chickens. 1261 94

The aim of the present study was to determine the effect of social stress and significance of prostaglandins (PG) generated by constitutive and inducible cyclooxygenase (COX-1 and COX-2) in the stimulation of hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis by corticotropin releasing hormone (CRH) under basal and social crowding stress conditions. The stressed rats were crowded in groups of 24 to a cage for 3 or 7 days, whereas the control animals were haused in groups of 7 to a cage of the same size. The activity of HPA axis was determined by measuring plasma ACTH and serum corticosterone levels 1 h after i.p. CRH administration. Inhibitors of COX-1, piroxicam (0.2, 2.0, and 5.0 mg/kg), and COX-2, compound NS-398 (0.2 and 2.0 mg/kg), were administered i.p. 15 min prior to CRH (0.1 microg/kg i.p.) to control or crowded rats. The obtained results indicate that social stress for 3 and 7 days markedly intensifies the stimulatory action of CRH on ACTH secretion. Neither piroxicam nor NS-398 induce any significant effect on the CRH-elicited ACTH and corticosterone secretion in non-stressed or crowded rats. Therefore, PG generated by COX-1 or COX-2 do not participate to a significant extent in the stimulation of HPA axis by CRH under either basal conditions or during crowding stress. These results also indicate that the stimulatory action of CRH on ACTH secretion is not only completely resistant to desensitization but is sensitized during social crowding stress. The results contrast with a significant involvement of PG in the vasopressin-induced stimulation of HPA response during crowding stress.
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PMID:Effect of cyclooxygenase inhibitors on the CRH-induced pituitary-adrenocortical activity during crowding stress. 1267 22

The aim of the present study was to compare the effect of social stress on the corticotropin releasing hormone (CRH) and arginine vasopressin (AVP)-induced pituitary-adrenocortical activity. Also the significance of prostaglandins (PG) generated by constitutive and inducible cyclooxygenase (COX-1 and COX-2) in the stimulation of hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis by AVP under basal and crowding stress conditions was investigated. The control rats were housed 7 in a standard cage and stressed rats were crowded 24 in a cage of the same size during 7 days. The activity of HPA axis was determined by measuring plasma ACTH and serum corticosterone levels 1 h after i.p. AVP administration. Indomethacin (2.0 mg/kg i.p.), a non-selective COX inhibitor, piroxicam (0.2, 2.0, and 5.0 mg/kg), a more potent COX-1 than COX-2 inhibitor, and compound NS-398 (0.2 and 2.0 mg/kg) a selective COX-2 inhibitor, were administered i.p. 15 min prior to AVP (5.0 microg/kg i.p.) to control or crowded rats. The obtained results indicate that social stress for 7 days considerably inhibits the stimulatory action of AVP on ACTH secretion, while it intensifies the CRH-induced ACTH secretion. Indomethacin, piroxicam and NS-398 significantly diminished the AVP-elicited ACTH and corticosterone secretion in non-stressed rats. None of these COX antagonist induced any significant inhibition of the AVP-induced ACTH and corticosterone secretion in stressed rats. Therefore, PG generated by COX-1 or COX-2 do not participate to a significant extent in the HPA stimulation by AVP during crowding stress. These results suggest that social crowding stress desensitizes the PG stimulatory mechanism which considerably mediates the AVP-induced HPA stimulation under basal conditions. The results contrast with a lack of any involvement of PG in the CRH-induced stimulation of HPA response under basal or crowding stress conditions.
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PMID:Effect of cyclooxygenase inhibitors on the vasopressin induced ACTH and corticosterone response during crowding stress. 1283 25

It has been hypothesized that in avian social groups subordinate individuals should maintain more energy reserves than dominants, as an insurance against increased perceived risk of starvation. Subordinates might also have elevated baseline corticosterone levels because corticosterone is known to facilitate fattening in birds. Recent experiments showed that moderately elevated corticosterone levels resulting from unpredictable food supply are correlated with enhanced cache retrieval efficiency and more accurate performance on a spatial memory task. Given the correlation between corticosterone and memory, a further prediction is that subordinates might be more efficient at cache retrieval and show more accurate performance on spatial memory tasks. We tested these predictions in dominant-subordinate pairs of mountain chickadees (Poecile gambeli). Each pair was housed in the same cage but caching behavior was tested individually in an adjacent aviary to avoid the confounding effects of small spaces in which birds could unnaturally and directly influence each other's behavior. In sharp contrast to our hypothesis, we found that subordinate chickadees cached less food, showed less efficient cache retrieval, and performed significantly worse on the spatial memory task than dominants. Although the behavioral differences could have resulted from social stress of subordination, and dominant birds reached significantly higher levels of corticosterone during their response to acute stress compared to subordinates, there were no significant differences between dominants and subordinates in baseline levels or in the pattern of adrenocortical stress response. We find no evidence, therefore, to support the hypothesis that subordinate mountain chickadees maintain elevated baseline corticosterone levels whereas lower caching rates and inferior cache retrieval efficiency might contribute to reduced survival of subordinates commonly found in food-caching parids.
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PMID:The relationship between dominance, corticosterone, memory, and food caching in mountain chickadees (Poecile gambeli). 1312 80

Individual differences in the response to stressful stimuli have been documented in humans and in a variety of animal species. Recently, we demonstrated that social stress induced a state of glucocorticoid (GC) resistance in mouse splenocytes, however this response was highly variable among cage mates. Since these studies were conducted using inbred mice (C57BL/6), it was suggested that environmental factors were the source of this variability. The following study examined possible factors that may have contributed to the development of individual differences in the susceptibility of mice to social stress. First, the effect of rearing conditions was studied by comparing the development of GC resistance in mice reared in isolation or in groups. In addition, the effect of previous social experiences was studied in mice that were re-housed to facilitate the formation of new social hierarchies in the cages. The results indicated that isolation altered the behavior of the mice during the social stress, but did not affect the development of GC resistance in response to the stress. Re-housing and the resulting loss of social status increased the susceptibility of mice to the development of GC resistance following social stress. Together, these findings indicate that environmental factors, such as previous social experiences, may alter the susceptibility to the effects of future social stress in inbred mice.
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PMID:Social experience alters the response to social stress in mice. 1458 34


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