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Query: UNIPROT:Q86TM3 (cage)
 29,987 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

We measured the breathing pattern of normal subjects, asymptomatic smokers, asymptomatic and symptomatic asthmatic patients, and patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, restrictive lung disease, primary pulmonary hypertension and anxiety state utilizing respiratory inductive plethysmography. Respiratory rate was increased above the normal in smokers and in patients with COPD, restrictive lung disease and pulmonary hypertension, but remained normal in asthmatic patients. Inspiratory times (T1) of one second or less often occurred in patients with COPD, restrictive lung disease, and pulmonary hypertension. Smokers and patients with symptomatic asthma, COPD, restrictive lung disease and pulmonary hypertension showed heightened respiratory center drive as reflected by elevated mean inspiratory flow (VT/TI). Fractional inspiratory time was reduced to a variable extent in smokers, symptomatic asthmatic patients and patients with COPD, and was a weak indicator of airways obstruction. Patients with COPD often had major fluctuations of expiratory timing, periodic fluctuations of end-expiratory level, and asynchrony between rib cage and abdominal movements. Chronic anxiety was characterized by frequent sighs; episodic rapid rates alternating with apneas were less common. We conclude that analysis of breathing patterns provides diagnostic discrimination among normal subjects and disease states.
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PMID:Breathing patterns. 2. Diseased subjects. 688 4

The amygdala plays a key role in emotional processing and anxiety-related physiological and behavioral responses. Previous studies have shown that injections of the anxiety-related neuropeptide corticotropin-releasing factor or the related neuropeptide urocortin 1 into the region of the basolateral amygdaloid nucleus induce anxiety-like behavior in several behavioral paradigms. Brainstem serotonergic systems in the dorsal raphe nucleus and median raphe nucleus may be part of a distributed neural system that, together with the basolateral amygdala, regulates acute and chronic anxiety states. We therefore investigated the effect of an acute bilateral injection of urocortin 1 into the basolateral amygdala on behavior in the social interaction test and on c-Fos expression within serotonergic neurons in the dorsal raphe nucleus and median raphe nucleus. Male rats were implanted with bilateral cannulae directed at the region of the basolateral amygdala; 72 h after surgery, rats were injected with urocortin 1 (50 fmol/100 nl) or vehicle (100 nl of 1% bovine serum albumin in distilled water). Thirty minutes after injection, a subgroup of rats from each experimental group was exposed to the social interaction test; remaining animals were left in the home cage. Two hours after injection rats were perfused with paraformaldehyde and brains were removed and processed for immunohistochemistry. Acute injection of urocortin 1 had anxiogenic effects in the social interaction test, reducing total interaction time without affecting locomotor activity or exploratory behavior. These behavioral effects were associated with increases in c-Fos expression within brainstem serotonergic neurons. In home cage rats and rats exposed to the social interaction test, urocortin 1 treatment increased the number of c-Fos-immunoreactive serotonergic neurons within subdivisions of both the dorsal raphe nucleus and median raphe nucleus. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that the basolateral amygdala and serotonergic neurons within the midbrain raphe complex are part of an integrated neural system modulating anxiety state.
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PMID:Injections of urocortin 1 into the basolateral amygdala induce anxiety-like behavior and c-Fos expression in brainstem serotonergic neurons. 1648 45

Anxiety states and anxiety-related behaviors appear to be regulated by a distributed and highly interconnected system of forebrain structures including the basolateral amygdaloid complex (basolateral amygdala). Despite a wealth of research examining the role of the basolateral amygdala in anxiety-related behaviors and anxiety states, the specific subdivisions of the basolateral amygdala that are involved in responses to anxiogenic stimuli have not been examined. In this study, we investigated the effects of exposure to a novel open-field environment, with either low- or high-levels of illumination, on expression of the protein product of the immediate-early gene c-Fos in subdivisions of the rat basolateral amygdala. The subdivisions studied included the lateral, ventrolateral and ventromedial parts of the lateral amygdaloid nucleus, the anterior, posterior and ventral parts of the basolateral amygdaloid nucleus and the anterior and posterior part of the basomedial amygdaloid nucleus. Small increases in the number of c-Fos-immunoreactive cells were observed in several, but not all, of the subdivisions of the basolateral amygdala studied following exposure of rats to either the high- or low-light conditions, compared to home cage or handled control groups. Open-field exposure in both the high- and low-light conditions resulted in a marked increase in c-Fos expression in the anterior part of the basolateral amygdaloid nucleus compared to either home cage or handled control groups. These findings point toward anatomical and functional heterogeneity within the basolateral amygdaloid complex and an important role of the anterior part of the basolateral amygdaloid nucleus in the neural mechanisms underlying physiological or behavioral responses to this anxiety-related stimulus.
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PMID:Exposure to high- and low-light conditions in an open-field test of anxiety increases c-Fos expression in specific subdivisions of the rat basolateral amygdaloid complex. 1711 44

Ambulatory respiratory data was gathered using inductive lethysmography technology with synchronous ECG(LifeShirte , VivoMetrics, Ventura, CA) during a study to evaluate the effect of an anxiolytic on heart rate variability and respiratory pattern as indicators of anxiety state. Positive control (PCR; post-marketing, broadly prescribed anxiolytic)and placebo (PBO) data was included in the analysis. Tidal volume waveforms were the result of a weighted sum of the abdominal and rib cage IP bands according to the qualitative diagnostic calibration method. A breath detection algorithm was run to identify the beginning and end of inhalation in these waveforms. Several types of respiratory artifact are common with ambulatory, non-controlled recordings and a consistent and reliable means is necessary to identify and manage such artifacts. An automated approach was adopted to define a reliable breathing index for each breath that labels that breath as contaminated by artifact or not. The root mean square of successive differences (RMSSD) were computed on the tidal inspiratory volumes and total breath times for each epoch, both for all breaths and for only those breaths that were labeled as reliable. The results indicate that when a priori automated artifact detection is included, there is a significant linear decrease in both the volume and time indices for the PCR, whilst no significant differences were noted in the PBO group. Analyzing the data without prior marking of reliable breaths showed no significant results for either group. This study demonstrates the validity of ambulatory respiratory measurements as a means to assess anxiety and establishes the need to first identify reliable breathing periods prior to the analysis of ambulatory respiratory data.
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PMID:Effective method for quantifying respiratory effective method for quantifying respiratory subsequent marker of anxiety. 1795 63

In animals, emotional memory is classically assessed through pavlovian fear conditioning in which a neutral novel stimulus (conditioned stimulus) is paired with an aversive unconditioned stimulus. After conditioning, the conditioned stimulus elicits a fear response characterized by a wide range of behavioral and physiological responses. Despite the existence of this large repertoire of responses, freezing behavior is often the sole parameter used for quantifying fear response, thus limiting emotional memory appraisal to this unique index. Interestingly, respiratory changes and ultrasonic vocalizations (USV) can occur during fear response, yet very few studies investigated the link between these different parameters and freezing. The aim of the present study was to design an experimental setup allowing the simultaneous recording of respiration, USV, and behavior (RUB cage), and the offline synchronization of the collected data for fine-grain second by second analysis. The setup consisted of a customized plethysmograph for respiration monitoring, equipped with a microphone capturing USV, and with four video cameras for behavior recording. In addition, the bottom of the plethysmograph was equipped with a shock-floor allowing foot-shock delivery, and the top received tubing for odor presentations. Using this experimental setup we first described the characteristics of respiration and USV in different behaviors and emotional states. Then we monitored these parameters during contextual fear conditioning and showed that they bring complementary information about the animal's anxiety state and the strength of aversive memory. The present setup may be valuable in providing a clearer appraisal of the physiological and behavioral changes that occur during acquisition as well as retrieval of emotional memory.
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PMID:The RUB Cage: Respiration-Ultrasonic Vocalizations-Behavior Acquisition Setup for Assessing Emotional Memory in Rats. 2163 20