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Query: UNIPROT:Q86TM3 (cage)
 29,987 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Levels of c-fos mRNA were measured with in situ hybridization to test for behaviorally dependent changes in neuronal activity in three subdivisions of hippocampus and in components of the olfactory and visual systems. In rats that performed a well-learned nose-poke response for water reward, c-fos mRNA levels were broadly increased, relative to values in home cage-control rats, in visual cortex, superior colliculus, olfactory bulb, and, to comparable levels, regions CA3 and CA1 of hippocampus; hybridization was not increased in the dentate gyrus. In rats first trained on the nose-poke behavior and then required to discriminate between two odors for water reward, the increase in c-fos mRNA was generally not as great and was more regionally differentiated. Thus, in olfactory bulb, hybridization was more greatly elevated in lateral than medial fields, thereby exhibiting regional activation corresponding to the topographic representation of the predominant odor sampled in the discrimination task. In hippocampus of odor-discrimination rats, c-fos mRNA levels were far greater in the region CA3 than region CA1, but remained at cage control values in stratum granulosum. Interestingly, c-fos mRNA levels in each hippocampal subdivision were highly correlated with levels in other regions (e.g., visual cortex) for home cage controls but not for rats in the two behavioral groups. Thus, c-fos mRNA levels in cage-control rats appeared to be regulated by some generalized factor acting throughout much of the brain (e.g., arousal), while odor-discrimination performance changed the pattern of expression within hippocampus, and allowed for a differentiated response by olfactory regions to emerge. These findings suggest that hippocampus possesses multiple modes of functioning and makes contributions to behavior that vary according to task demands.
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PMID:Changes in c-fos mRNA expression in rat brain during odor discrimination learning: differential involvement of hippocampal subfields CA1 and CA3. 762 10

To determine the cell groups which are activated by novelty stress, we examined the induction of c-fos mRNA in brain tissues following introduction of male rats to a novel open field. Male Fischer 344 rats were placed in a brightly lit open field and allowed to roam free for 20 min. Control animals were sacrificed upon removal from their home cage. Northern blot analysis revealed a 2.2 kb hybridization signal which increased in density following novelty. In situ hybridization analysis showed that c-fos mRNA was induced in a specific pattern consistent with the behavior. The regions of induction included the medial prefrontal and orbital cortex, cingulate and parietal cortex, hippocampal CA1 and CA3 pyramidal cell regions, dorsal and ventral anterior thalamic n. and paraventricular n. of the hypothalamus. C-fos mRNA also increased in the anterior pituitary gland and this increase correlated with the secretion of ACTH. These data demonstrate the brain areas undergoing genomic activation following complex behavior paradigms such as introduction to a novel environment.
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PMID:Induction of c-fos mRNA in the brain and anterior pituitary gland by a novel environment. 821 31

The effects of immobilization stress on the cerebral second messenger (adenylate cyclase and phosphoinositide) were investigated autoradiographically in mongolian gerbils. After 10 min (10-min stress group, n = 7), or after 6 h (6-h stress group, n = 7) of fixation on a flat board while supine, in vitro autoradiography was performed using [3H]forskolin (3H-FK) and [3H]phorbol-12,13-dibutyrate (3H-PDBu) as specific ligands to identify the distribution of adenylate cyclase and protein kinase C, respectively. In another group of 7 gerbils (control group), the same autoradiographic procedure was performed immediately after the animals were removed from the cage. In the 10-min stress group, FK binding was significantly decreased in the hypothalamus and amygdala, but significantly increased in the basal ganglia including the caudate-putamen and globus pallidus. FK binding in the 6-h stress group tended to increase throughout the brain, rising significantly in the basal ganglia. PDBu binding in either stress group did not change significantly compared to the control group in any region except the hippocampal CA3 region of the 6-h stress group. Under immobilization stress, the adenylate cyclase system may undergo time-dependent and regionally specific changes, while the phosphoinositide system remains relatively stable.
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PMID:Immobilization stress induces alterations of second-messenger systems in the gerbil brain. 841 15

The present study examined fetal alcohol effects (FAE) on the induction of the immediate early genes (IEGs) c-fos, jun B, c-jun, and zif268 mRNAs in the prefrontal cortex, hippocampus, and other brain regions after testing in an alternation task. Subjects were female offspring of Sprague-Dawley rats fed either a 35% ethanol-derived calorie diet, pair-fed with sucrose, or control-fed with laboratory chow during the last week of gestation. At 75-85 days of age, rats were food-deprived and trained in a t-maze for food reward. Then rats were tested at 5-sec, 30-sec, or 60-sec delays on each of 6 days. On the day of killing, a subset of rats was tested at the 60-sec delay for 12 trials and killed 30 min after testing. The remaining animals were killed from their home cage and acted as controls. Expression of the four IEG mRNAs was examined in the brains of these animals using in situ hybridization. FAE rats showed a memory deficit at the 60-sec delay (p < 0.05), but not at the 0-sec or 30-sec delays. Testing in the alternation task induced a significant elevation of c-fos, c-jun, jun B, and zif268 mRNA expression in the prefrontal cortex, hippocampal subfields CA1 and CA3, and several cortical areas. However, FAE rats showed a significantly smaller elevation of both c-fos and jun B mRNA levels in the orbital, prelimbic, and anterior cingulate regions of the prefrontal cortex (p < 0.05). FAE animals also showed a lower expression of jun B mRNA in the caudate nucleus. Significant correlations between the mean performance at the 60-sec delay and mRNA expression of c-fos, jun B, and zif268 in the prefrontal cortical regions (p < 0.05) were observed. These findings suggest that fetal alcohol exposure produces changes in the adult prefrontal cortex that may contribute to the behavioral deficit in the alternation task.
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PMID:Fetal alcohol exposure alters the induction of immediate early gene mRNA in the rat prefrontal cortex after an alternation task. 874

Isolation rearing of rat pups from weaning produces neurochemical and behavioural changes that may have relevance to the neurodevelopmental basis of neuropsychiatric disorders such as schizophrenia. Although limited, studies have begun to probe for neuroanatomical changes produced by isolation rearing. In the present study, rat pups were reared in isolation, i.e., housed one per cage, from weaning. After 8 weeks of isolation, 'isolates' were compared to their socially reared controls (housed three per cage) in two behavioural paradigms: locomotor activity in a novel open field and prepulse inhibition (PPI) of the acoustic startle response. Subsequently, all rats were sacrificed and their brains removed. The hippocampus was sectioned and analysed immunohistochemically using an antibody to the synapse-specific protein synaptophysin, to gain an estimate of the synaptic content of selected hippocampal subfields. Isolates demonstrated locomotor hyperactivity and deficits in PPI relative to socially reared controls. Analysis of synaptophysin immunoreactivity suggested that isolates had significantly reduced synaptic content in the hippocampal dentate gyrus molecular layer, with smaller, non-significant reductions in the CA1 and CA3 regions. This pattern of change may be consistent with reduced neuronal input to the dentate gyrus via the entorhinal cortex, suggesting developmental changes in hippocampal-cortical circuitry. These preliminary studies extend the characterisation of isolation rearing as a model for the investigation of neurodevelopmental diseases such as schizophrenia.
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PMID:Reduced synaptophysin immunoreactivity in the dentate gyrus of prepulse inhibition-impaired isolation-reared rats. 1019 49

The aim of the present work was to investigate if isolation rearing could change 5-HT1A or M1 muscarinic receptors messenger RNA (mRNA) expression in the hippocampal formation. Male Wistar rats were isolated either in single cages or in groups of six per cage soon after wearing during 30 days. After this period they were sacrificed and their brains removed for 'in situ' hybridization study using 32P-labeled oligonucleotide probes complementary to 5-HT1A or M1 muscarinic receptor mRNA. The results were analyzed by computerized densitometry. They showed a significant (P < 0.05, Mann-Whitney test) serotonin 1A (5-HT1A) mRNA expression increase in the dentate gyrus and CA3 areas of isolated animals. The signal also tended to be higher (P < 0.10) in CA1 and CA4 regions. No significant change on M1 mRNA expression was found. These results may reflect up-regulation of 5-HT1A gene transcription in response to deficits in hippocampal serotonin neurotransmission induced by social isolation.
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PMID:Effects of isolation-rearing on serotonin-1A and M1-muscarinic receptor messenger RNA expression in the hipocampal formation of rats. 1238 26

We describe a novel strategy to evaluate circuit function after brain injury that takes advantage of experience-dependent immediate early gene (IEG) expression. When normal rats undergo training or are exposed to a novel environment, there is a strong induction of IEG expression in forebrain regions, including the hippocampus. This gene induction identifies the neurons that are engaged during the experience. Here, we demonstrate that experience-dependent IEG induction is diminished after brain injury in young adult rats (120-200 gm), specifically after unilateral lesions of the entorhinal cortex (EC), and then recovers with a time course consistent with reinnervation. In situ hybridization techniques were used to assess the expression of the activity-regulated cytoskeleton-associated protein Arc at various times after the lesion (4, 8, 12, 16, or 30 d). One group of rats was allowed to explore a complex novel environment for 1 hr; control operated animals remained in their home cage. In unoperated animals, exposure to the novel environment induced Arc mRNA levels in most pyramidal neurons in CA1, in many pyramidal neurons in CA3, and in a small number of dentate granule cells. This characteristic pattern of induction was absent at early time points after unilateral EC lesions (4 and 8 d) but recovered progressively at later time points. The recovery of Arc expression occurred with approximately the same time course as the reinnervation of the dentate gyrus as a result of postlesion sprouting. These results document a novel approach for quantitatively assessing activity-regulated gene expression in polysynaptic circuits after trauma.
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PMID:Visualizing changes in circuit activity resulting from denervation and reinnervation using immediate early gene expression. 1268 64

Reactive changes in hippocampal astrocytes are frequently encountered in association with temporal lobe epilepsy in humans and with drug or kindling-induced seizures in animal models. These reactive changes generally involve increases in astrocyte size and number and often occur together with neuronal loss and synaptic rearrangements. In addition to producing astrocytic changes, seizure activity can also produce reactive changes in microglia, the resident macrophages of brain. In this study, we examined the effects of recurrent seizure activity on hippocampal neurons and glia in the epileptic EL mouse, a natural model of human multifactorial idiopathic epilepsy and complex partial seizures. Timm staining was used to evaluate infrapyramidal mossy fiber organization and the optical dissector method was used to count Nissl-stained neurons in hippocampus of adult (about one year of age) EL mice and nonepileptic C57BL/6J (B6) and DDY mice. Immunostaining for glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and Iba1, an actin cross-linking molecule restricted to macrophages and microglia, was used to evaluate astrocytes and microglia, respectively. The EL mice experienced about 25-30 complex partial seizures with secondary generalization during routine weekly cage changing. No significant differences were found among the mouse strains for Timm staining scores or for neuronal counts in the CA1 and CA3 pyramidal fields or in the hilus. However, the number of GFAP-positive astrocytes was significantly elevated in the stratum radiatum and hilus of EL mice, while microglia appeared hyper-ramified and were more intensely stained in EL mice than in the B6 or DDY mice in the hilus, parietal cortex, and pyriform cortex. The results indicate that recurrent seizure activity in EL mice is associated with abnormalities in hippocampal astrocytes and brain microglia, but is not associated with obvious neuronal loss or mossy fiber synaptic rearrangements. The EL mouse can be a useful model for evaluating neuron-glia interactions related to idiopathic epilepsy.
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PMID:Hippocampal neurons and glia in epileptic EL mice. 1450 Dec 7

LY354740 is a potent and selective agonist for group II metabotropic glutamate (mGlu) receptors, mGlu2 and mGlu3 receptors, with anxiolytic activity in several animal models of anxiety, including the elevated plus maze (EPM) test. Here, we studied neuronal activation in mouse brain after EPM exposure in saline- and LY354740-treated mice using c-Fos immunoreactivity as a marker. The effect of LY354740 on c-Fos expression was also studied in cage control (no EPM) mice. Pretreatment with LY354740 (20 mg/kg, s.c.) produced robust anxiolytic behavior on the EPM. LY354740 administration decreased EPM-induced increases in c-Fos expression in the CA3 of the hippocampus, while having no significant effects on basal c-Fos expression in the hippocampus. LY354740 administration significantly increased c-Fos expression in specific limbic regions, including the lateral division of the central nucleus of the amygdala (CeL), lateral parabrachial nucleus, locus coeruleus, and Edinger-Westphal nucleus, whether or not animals were exposed to the EPM. Moreover, LY354740 administration per se significantly increased c-Fos expression in regions processing sensory information, including the paraventricular and lateral geniculate nucleus of the thalamus as well as the nucleus of the optic tract and superior colliculus. In particular, the suppression of fear-evoked neuronal activity in the hippocampus and drug-induced increases in neuronal activation in the CeL have been previously linked to the anxiolytic effects of clinically effective drugs such as benzodiazepines, and thus may contribute to anxiolytic actions of LY354740 in animal models and human anxiety patients.
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PMID:Anxiolytic activity of the MGLU2/3 receptor agonist LY354740 on the elevated plus maze is associated with the suppression of stress-induced c-Fos in the hippocampus and increases in c-Fos induction in several other stress-sensitive brain regions. 1469 49

The levels of the Fos protein expression in neurons was used as an index of transcription activation in the hippocampus of common voles (Microtus arvalis Pall.) after their rapid spatial learning. Fos-positive cells were stained and calculated in 20 brain sections along hippocampal rostro-caudal axis. Voles (learning group) were trained in a modified 8-arm radial maze to find the entry to the home cage through a target arm (6 trials per session, 2-hour session). The animals were pretrained to enter the home cage through an arm isolated from the maze. Animals of active control group continued entering the home cage through the isolated arm, and animals of the passive control group were taken for the Fos immunohistochemistry from the home cage. Both in the learning group and active control group, a significant increase in c-Fos expression was shown in all the examined areas (CA1, CA3 and the dentate gyrus) as compared to the passive control. A significant increase in the number of c-Fos positive neurons was observed in the caudal hippocampus of the learning animals as compared to the active control, however, no differences were found in the rostral part. The maximum effects were observed in the dentate gyrus and the CA3 field. The results suggest a functional rostro-caudal inhomogeneity of the vole's hippocampus in the spatial learning task.
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PMID:[Features of the c-Fos gene expression along the hippocampal rostro-caudal axis in common voles after rapid spatial learning]. 1589 65


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