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Query: UNIPROT:Q86TM3 (cage)
 29,987 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

We studied the effects of social stress (SS) and a high salt diet on systolic blood pressure (SBP) and heart rate (HR): S/JR male rats (which exhibit marked elevations in SBP when placed on a high sodium diet) and R/JR male rats (which are resistant to the BP-elevating effects of a high sodium diet) were maintained on a low sodium diet (0.3% NaCl) or placed on a high sodium diet (8% NaCl). Within each dietary condition independent groups were either exposed to SS, by placement in the cage of a trained fighter male (Long-Evans breed) for 25 min, or exposed to no stress. The dietary regimen was imposed for 10 days with stress exposures on Days 1, 2, 3, 5, 7, and 9, with SBP and HR measured indirectly by tail plethysmography 3 min following exposure to SS. SS produced an acute decrease in SBP (20-30 mm Hg) in S/JR rats on the second and subsequent exposures, but did not affect HR. SS did not affect SBP of R/JR rats, but did produce a significant elevation of HR. Maintenance on the high sodium diet increased SBP in S/JR, but not R/JR, rats when it was measured on the eighth (no stress) day, but SS obscured the effects of diet on SBP on days when rats were stressed. Following exposure to attacks, defeated SS rats displayed an upright submissive posture relatively late during the first stress exposure when no change in SBP was observed after SS in S/JRs, but displayed the submissive posture immediately and with long duration on the second and subsequent exposures when a marked decrement in SBP was seen.
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PMID:Effects of social defeat on acute cardiovascular response in salt-sensitive and salt-resistant rats. 381 42

Twelve male Long Evans rats, trained to lever press using 10% (v/v) oral ethanol reinforcement, were maintained with ad lib access to food and water in the home cage. After stabilization of responding, the rats were randomly divided into two groups: Group P received pimozide (PIM) injections (0.1 to 0.5 mg/kg) and Group A received d-amphetamine (DEX) injections (0.05 to 0.5 mg/kg). Following the sequence of either PIM or Dex injections, all rats were given four different combinations of PIM + DEX injections. The lower doses of amphetamine did not affect responding, but 0.5 mg/kg significantly reduced responding. All PIM doses except the lowest reduced responding. The combined PIM + DEX doses all reduced responding, in some cases further than either constituent dose alone. Next, all rats were reduced to 80% of their free feeding weights by food restriction, and tested with 0.25 mg/kg DEX, 0.1 mg/kg PIM, and 0.1 PIM + 0.25 DEX. As a result of food restriction, baseline responding increased significantly. The 0.25 mg/kg DEX dose tended to increase responding even above this baseline increase, while both PIM and PIM + DEX reduced responding.
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PMID:Oral ethanol reinforcement: interactive effects of amphetamine, pimozide and food-restriction. 387 46

Ten pairs of male Long-Evans rats living in nonenriched environments (3 rats per small cage) were transferred to either enriched environments (10 rats per large cage plus "toys") or nonenriched environments (2 rats per small cage) at 766 days of age. One hundred and thirty-eight days later, at 904 days of age, the cerebral cortical thickness from these animals was measured on projected, 10-micron, thionine-stained, transverse sections. Although the thickness in the enriched rats was greater than in the nonenriched rats in all sections through the frontal, parietal, and occipital cortices, the 4 to 10% differences were statistically significantly different in only the frontal and occipital cortices. Right greater than left cortical thickness differences were not statistically significant in either the enriched or the nonenriched animals by 904 days of age. Neuron and glial counts were made on enlarged photographs of area 18 in the occipital cortex on 6-micron-thick, luxol fast blue-stained sections. No significant differences in cell counts were noted between the enriched and nonenriched animals. No significant differences in neuronal counts were found among 108-, 650- (from previous experiments), and the 904-day-old nonenriched rats. The notable findings were the plasticity of the extremely old, enriched rats' occipital cortex and the lack of the loss of neurons in cerebral cortical area 18, whether or not the environments were enriched. These results showed that the cerebral cortex remained structurally plastic throughout the lifetime of the organism.
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PMID:Plasticity in the 904-day-old male rat cerebral cortex. 396 15

Beginning at 15 days of age. Long-Evans rat pups were trained to run toward their home cage in a T-maze task. Morphine (.5-1.0 mg/kg sc) slowed initial acquisition running times but did not change the number of trials required to learn the position habit. Morphine markedly impeded extinction of the homing behavior. Opiate-treated animals ran as accurately and as quickly toward home on the 12th day of extinction as on the first (10 trials given per day). Conversely, naloxone (1 mg/kg sc) reduced resistance to extinction. The morphine effect was not state-dependent since the drug also impeded extinction in animals that had acquired the task under saline. The morphine effect was blocked by naloxane, which indicates that the increased resistance to extinction was due to an opiate receptor effect. These results indicate that morphine has a strong capacity to sustain a social habit in the absence of reinforcement.
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PMID:Opiates and homing. 625 Nov 17

A method is described for implanting arterial and venous cannulas in rats that requires only minor surgery. Catheters are introduced into the abdominal aorta through the ventral tail artery and into the vena cava through a lateral tail vein. The wounds are covered with an acrylic cuff and the catheters are brought out through a stainless steel spiral connected to the cuff and then attached to top of a metabolism cage used to house the rat. This method makes possible continuous access to the catheters in undisturbed, mobile animals. Using this model we compared mean arterial pressure, heart rate, plasma renin activity, and plasma catecholamine levels in freely moving Long-Evans rats and in Brattleboro homozygous rats.
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PMID:Chronic arterial and venous catheterization of conscious, unrestrained rats. 639 88

The experimental conditions allowing to elicit by administration of dopamine agonists a climbing behavior in rats, apparently analogous to the stereotyped cage climbing behavior previously described in mice (Protais et al. 1976), have been established. Among the various strains of rats studied i.e. Sprague-Dawley, Long Evans and Wistar, the latters were selected as the most responsive to the dopamine agonist apomorphine. However, even in the Wistar strain, only about 60% of animals responded to a test-dose of 0.4 mg/kg apomorphine by adopting in a sustained manner the typical upright position against the walls of a suitable experimental cage. Hence responsive rats were preselected 4 days before the experimental sessions and finally rated during a 60-min observation period. Increasing the test-dose of apomorphine led to a biphasic effect, the spontaneous climbing behavior being decreased at low dosage and, then, both the percentage of climbing animals and the duration of the behavior were progressively increased at higher dosages. A scoring system based on an all-or-none evaluation of the frequency of stereotyped climbing episodes over the 1 h observation period was finally adopted allowing to establish dose response curves to apomorphine and its more potent derivative N-propylnorapomorphine. Dexamphetamine (associated to L-Dopa) also produced the stereotyped climbing behavior. The latter was completely abolished in animals treated with the "atypical" antipsychotic sulpiride. The effects of lesioning various cerebral dopaminergic areas on the apomorphine-induced behavior were investigated. The response was not significantly altered following bilateral thermocoagulations of the striatum (restricted lesions), globus pallidus, nucleus interstitialis of the striae terminalis, amygdala, nucleus lateralis septi or nucleus accumbens.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Rat climbing behavior elicited by stimulation of cerebral dopamine receptors. 642 3

Pregnant Sprague-Dawley (CD) and Long-Evans (LE) rats were treated by gavage on days 8-10 of gestation with either 0, 125 or 175 mg/kg/day sodium salicylate. Locomotor activity was monitored repeatedly for 30 min in the offspring on postnatal days 12, 16, 20, 24, 30, 60, 90 and 120 in the presence or absence of olfactory cues from home cage bedding. Prenatal exposure during organogenesis to the doses of sodium salicylate used here resulted in subtle alterations in developmental locomotor activity, the pattern of which was dependent on sex, strain and bedding condition during testing. Many more dose-related changes in activity were found in LE rats and, with one exception, these were decreased levels in treated rats. All significant dose-related differences in CD rats were increased activity levels in treated animals relative to controls. Male rats showed more dose-related changes in activity than did females, and activity testing conducted in the absence of home cage bedding cues resulted in a clearer distinction of treatment-related changes than did testing in the presence of home cage bedding. These results suggest a behavioral teratogenic effect of sodium salicylate. In addition, they point out the subtle nature of many behavioral effects in the absence of more overt toxicity and the impact factors such as strain, sex and procedural variables may have on the conclusions drawn from these studies.
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PMID:Sex and strain differences in the developmental activity profile of rats prenatally exposed to sodium salicylate. 647 63

In the first of two experiments, CD rat litters were used to characterize activity patterns obtained in a size-adjustable, single photodetector chamber. Beginning on postnatal Day 10 or 12, pups were tested repeatedly over clean bedding (C) or over bedding removed from each pup's home cage (HC). In C rats of both sexes and in HC females, short-term activity levels peaked on Day 16. However, HC males displayed an earlier and even greater elevation in activity from Day 12 to 16. This overall pattern was found in rats tested either every second or fourth day. In the second experiment, Long-Evans pups were assigned to each testing condition (C vs HC) and activity measured beginning on Day 12. Peak levels were seen in all Long-Evans rats on Day 16 and only females showed significant alterations as a function of bedding condition. When overall activity levels of the two strains were compared, significant differences were found on Days 12, 24, 30, and 120 in males, and 12, 24, and 30 in females. Significant differences between strains in activity as a function of bedding condition were found in males on Days 12, 20, 24, and 120 and in females on Days 12, 30, and 60. These data confirm the generality of a developmental hyperactivity phase in isolated juvenile rats. However, different patterns of hyperactivity were found in male vs female rats across strains. CD males were more active in the presence of HC olfactory cues, while in Long-Evans rats, female activity was affected more by bedding condition.
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PMID:Sex and strain differences in the developmental activity profile of the rat tested over clean vs home cage bedding. 653 52

Approximately 80% of a colony of 900 Long Evans rats, Blu:(LE), gnawed on polypropylene shoe box type cages around the automatic watering grommet. The gnawing led to cage destruction and escape of the animals. The addition of a large stainless steel shield between the original grommet backing and the cage prevented further gnawing on the cage.
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PMID:Atypical gnawing and cage destructive behavior in one strain of laboratory rat. 674 12

This paper is one of a series presenting right-left differences in the morphology of the rat forebrain, but this presentation differs from the previous ones by offering age-related changes in both sexes. Long-Evans rats were housed with the dam prior to weaning at 21 days of age and three to a cage thereafter. The ages of the animals studied were 6 to 7, 14, 21, 90, 180 to 185, 390 to 400, and 870 to 876 days. The thicknesses of the cerebral cortex and of the hippocampus were measured on microslide-projected images of thionin-stained sections. We learned that the cerebral cortex of the male rat was thicker on the right side than on the left at all ages in 41 of 42 measures, being statistically significant in 30 of 42 measures. Areas 10, 3 and 17 showed the most marked differences at all ages. In the female rat, laterality was not so well defined, but, in general, the left cerebral cortex was thicker than the right in 33 of 54 measures, but in only 5 of the 54 were statistically significant differences found. The right-left differences in the hippocampus followed the pattern of the cortical differences in the male and female rats. The right male hippocampus was thicker than the left at all ages, with greater differences noted in the younger than in the older groups. The female left hippocampus was thicker than the right, but only in the 90-day group was the difference significant.
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PMID:Age-related morphologic differences in the rat cerebral cortex and hippocampus: male-female; right-left. 686 39


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