Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UNIPROT:Q86TM3 (cage)
 29,987 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

HPA 39 is a tungsto-antimoniate compound, closely related to the mineral consensed ion HPA 23, from which it differs only by the presence of a potassium instead of a sodium ion inside the central cage. A single parenteral injection of HPA 39 on the same day as virus inoculation decreased the splenomegaly induced by Friend virus in DBA/2 mice and protected 90% of the infected animals against leukaemia. It also lowered the virus content in spleen extracts compared to untreated animals. The efficiency of treatment with HPA 39 on leukaemic mice at a late stage of the disease suggested that the compound may act at the cellular level as well as by inducing virus growth inhibition. HPA 39 also induced an early decrease of peripheral blood reticulocytes, and of the most differentiated erythroblasts in the bone marrow 1 day after injection of the compound. Mineral condensed ions therefore appear to have multiple biological effects both in vitro and in vivo.
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PMID:In vivo effect of a new mineral condensed ion (HPA 39) on murine Friend leukaemia. 729 68

Five nursery-reared rhesus (Macaca mulatta) infants were studied on 8 consecutive days over a period of 2 weeks when they ranged from 4 to 5.5 months. Saliva cortisol samples were obtained by giving each animal, while in its individual home cage, a 6-in. cotton dental roll pretreated with sugared fruit-drink crystals and dried. Subjects were allowed to mouth the cotton roll for 10 min during each collection period. Saliva was then expressed from the cotton and analyzed by radioimmune assay. Samples were collected at 0830, 1100, 1400, and 1630 hr on each of the 8 days. On four of the days, 2-hr peer socialization sessions were imposed between 1200 and 1400 hr. Significant time-of-day effects were obtained. Values tended to be low at 0830 hr, rising significantly to peak levels at 1100 hr, and then declining over the 1400-hr and 1630-hr sampling periods. All 4 subjects with sufficient samples had higher average cortisol concentrations when the 1400-hr sampling followed peer-socialization sessions, compared to no-socialization days. This difference was only marginally significant by paired t test, however. These results (a) support the feasibility of using noninvasive salivary sampling procedures with infant monkeys, and (b) indicate that salivary cortisol measures are sensitive to daily rhythms. Unexpectedly, the results also raise the possibility that nursery-reared infant rhesus macaques may be phase-delayed in their HPA rhythm, with the morning peak occurring several hours after rather than in the hour before lights-on and the morning feeding.
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PMID:Salivary cortisol in nursery-reared rhesus monkeys: reactivity to peer interactions and altered circadian activity. 767 58

The effect of stress to the pregnant mother on hormonal responses of the offspring to stressful events was investigated in juvenile rhesus monkeys. Six pregnant monkeys were repeatedly removed from their home cages and exposed to unpredictable noise during mid- to late gestation (Days 90-145 postconception), while six undisturbed pregnant mothers served as controls. Blood samples were collected from the juvenile offspring under anesthesia on four occasions and assayed for ACTH and cortisol. In a second experiment, blood samples were collected from the awake offspring under a baseline and four progressively stressful conditions. Offspring of stressed mothers showed higher ACTH and cortisol levels than control offspring at all four anesthesia samples and at a nonanesthesized home cage baseline. Prenatally stressed offspring also showed higher ACTH values in all four stress conditions. Cortisol values were similar for the two groups under the stress conditions. The disparity between the two groups in the relationship between ACTH and cortisol was greatest in the most stressful condition, suggesting regulatory differences between the two groups. These results indicate that offspring of primate mothers stressed during pregnancy show enhanced HPA axis responsivity to stressors later in life, and concur with rodent findings indicating that prenatal stress may have long-term effects on HPA axis regulation.
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PMID:Long-term effects of prenatal stress on HPA axis activity in juvenile rhesus monkeys. 792 79

The effect of 1 (1.6 mA, 5 s), 3, 8, or 16 inescapable footshocks on the response of spleen and peripheral blood lymphocytes to nonspecific mitogenic stimulation and plasma corticosterone levels was studied in adult Lewis male rats. One footshock suppressed mitogenic activity in the spleen and this effect was comparable to 3, 8, and 16 footshocks. The maximum suppression to nonspecific mitogenic stimulation in the spleen was observed at 1 and 10 min after exposure to a single footshock and suppression of the mitogenic responses in the spleen persisted for at least 60 min. In contrast, immediately after a single footshock peripheral blood lymphocyte mitogenic function was not suppressed but instead was significantly enhanced. A significant suppression of mitogenic responsiveness of blood lymphocytes occurred 30 min after exposure to a single footshock and at 60 min the blood mitogenic activity did not differ from the home cage controls. Eight footshocks produced a significant suppression of mitogenic responses in the blood and 16 footshocks produced the greatest suppression of blood mitogenic function. These data suggest that 1 brief footshock caused activation of the HPA axis and sympathetic nervous system and resulted in significant alteration of the immune system. We suggest that noncomplex models of short-term stress may provide for a better understanding of the mechanisms underlying the development of stress reactions in the CNS and the periphery.
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PMID:Effect of one or more footshocks on spleen and blood lymphocyte proliferation in rats. 800 71

Previous studies have found evidence of behavioral and psychophysiological differences between nonhuman primates reared in different social environments, however, few of these have employed longitudinal study of the animals over early development. In this study, HPA axis activity was assessed via measurement of ACTH and cortisol values over the first 6 months of life and in response to two stressful housing transitions in 48 infant rhesus monkeys that were either mother- or peer-reared. ACTH and cortisol values declined over the first 6 months in both rearing groups. Peer-reared monkeys showed lower levels of ACTH over the first 6 months of life than mother-reared, but the rearing groups did not differ in basal cortisol values over this period. Mother-reared animals showed a greater ACTH response to the mild stress of being moved to a new cage, and male monkeys showed higher values than females. Mother-reared animals showed the largest cortisol increase in response to the caging transition. Both groups showed increases in ACTH and cortisol in response to the more severe stress of separation from their rearing partners and housing with unfamiliar age-mates. Mother-reared animals again showed the largest increase in ACTH in response to these events, but increases in cortisol were similar among both sexes and rearing groups. These results suggest an interaction of sex and rearing history in response to stressful events.
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PMID:Social rearing effects on HPA axis activity over early development and in response to stress in rhesus monkeys. 829 90

Research from our laboratory has demonstrated that the presentation of an aversive conditioned stimulus produces pronounced suppression of several in vitro measures of immune status. The present study was designed to evaluate the role of central corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) in the mechanisms mediating these conditioned effects. The aversive conditioned stimulus was a distinct environment that had previously been associated with electric footshock. Lewis rats received intraventricular administration of either buffered saline or a dose of the CRH-selective receptor antagonist alpha-helical CRH(9-41) (0, 0.5, 5, or 50 micrograms) prior to exposure to the aversive conditioned stimulus or home cage control treatment. The aversive conditioned stimulus produced decreases in splenic natural killer cell activity, splenocyte responsiveness to the mitogens concanavalin A (ConA), phytohemagglutinin (PHA), lipopolysaccharide (LPS), and the combination of ionomycin and phorbol myristate acetate (PMA), blood leukocyte responsiveness to ConA and PHA, and the production of interleukin-2 and interferon-gamma by activated splenocytes. The conditioned stimulus also produced an increase in plasma levels of corticosterone. Pretreatment with alpha-helical CRH(9-14) completely blocked the conditioned stimulus-induced suppression of natural killer cell activity. The CRH antagonist had no attenuative effect on the conditioned suppression of splenocyte or blood leukocyte proliferation in response to mitogens, or the production of interleukin-2 or interferon-gamma by activated splenocytes. There was also no effect of alpha-helical CRH(9-14) on the conditioned stimulus-induced increase in plasma corticosterone. These findings suggest that conditioned stimulus-induced suppression of natural killer cell activity is mediated by a mechanism that involves activity at central CRH receptors, and that this conditioned modulation is independent of HPA activation. Furthermore, these results indicate that the mechanisms involved in conditioned stimulus-induced suppression of proliferative or cytokine production responses are distinct from those involved in the modulation of natural killer cell activity.
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PMID:Corticotropin-releasing hormone is involved in conditioned stimulus-induced reduction of natural killer cell activity but not in conditioned alterations in cytokine production or proliferation responses. 855 20

The present studies assessed the extent to which heterosexual pairmates could buffer marmosets (Wied's black tufted-ear marmoset, Callithrix kuhli) against stress. Six male and six female marmosets from established groups were exposed to two experimental manipulations together with a control condition. Each condition lasted a total of 4 days. For the two experimental conditions, animals were removed from the family group and housed in a novel cage for 48 h in either the presence or the absence of the heterosexual pairmate. During the 48-h novel-cage housing period and for 48 h upon reunion of the subjects with the family group, concentrations of urinary cortisol were measured in the first void sample of the day and behavioral observations were conducted. When animals were housed alone in a novel cage they exhibited significant elevations in levels of urinary cortisol after 24 and 48 h of novel-cage exposure. In contrast, when marmosets were housed in the novel cage in the presence of the pairmate, levels of urinary cortisol did not change across the 4-day period. The presence of the social partner also reduced the behavioral manifestations of exposure to novelty. Upon reunion with the family group, animals that had been housed in the novel cage alone spent significantly more time in close proximity to the pairmate than animals that had been housed with the partner. A second experiment was conducted to determine the effect that separation from the pairmate, only (independent of any effects of novelty), had on levels of cortisol. Concentrations of urinary cortisol were measured in subjects housed in the familiar home cage, but in the absence of the pairmate, over a 48-h period and compared to concentrations of excreted cortisol immediately prior to separation. Separation from the pairmate did not elevate cortisol levels when the subject was housed in the home cage, suggesting that elevated cortisol levels in animals housed alone in the novel cage were in response to novelty exposure rather than to separation from the pairmate. Since the physical presence of the heterosexual partner reduced the physiological and behavioral effects of novel-cage housing, social attachments might function as homeostatic regulators of HPA function in marmosets.
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PMID:Close proximity of the heterosexual partner reduces the physiological and behavioral consequences of novel-cage housing in black tufted-ear marmosets (Callithrix kuhli). 987 70

Exposure to stressors often alters the subsequent responsiveness of many systems. The present study tested whether prior exposure to inescapable tailshock (IS) alters the corticosterone (CORT) or adrenocorticotropin hormone (ACTH) response to either an injection of bacterial endotoxin (lipopolysaccharide; LPS) or subsequent placement on a pedestal. Rats were exposed to IS or remained as home cage controls (HCC). 1, 4, 10, or 21 days later animals were injected i.p. with either 10 microg/kg LPS or equivolume sterile saline. Prior IS significantly increased plasma CORT 1 h, but not 2 or 5 h after LPS, compared to controls 1, 4, and 10 days, but not 21 days after IS. Exposure to IS 24 h earlier also significantly increased plasma ACTH 1 h after LPS. Additional animals were placed on a pedestal 24 h after IS, and plasma CORT was measured 15, 30, and 60 min later. IS significantly increased plasma CORT 15 min after pedestal exposure, but not after 30 or 60 min. These results suggest that exposure to IS sensitizes the CORT and ACTH response to subsequent HPA activation.
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PMID:Prior stressor exposure primes the HPA axis. 1181 71

Contrasting data were reported regarding the effects of cannabinoids on anxiety and social behaviour in both animals and humans. The cognitive effects of cannabinoids and their interactions with the HPA-axis raise the possibility that cannabinoid effects are context but not behaviour specific. To assess this hypothesis, we submitted CB1 receptor knock-out (CB1-KO) and wild-type (WT) mice to tests, which involved similar behaviours, but the behavioural context was different. The elevated plus-maze test was performed under less and more anxiogenic conditions, i.e. under low and high light, respectively. We also compared the social behaviour of the two genotypes in the resident/intruder and social interaction tests. Both tests represent a social challenge and induce similar behaviours, but involve different contexts. The behaviour of CB1-KO and WT mice was similar under low light, but CB1 gene disruption increased anxiety-like behaviour under the high light condition. CB1 gene disruption promoted aggressive behaviour in the home-cage, whereas it inhibited social behaviour in the unfamiliar cage. Thus, the anxiogenic-like effect was restricted to the more stressful unfamiliar environment. These data suggest that the effects of CB1 gene disruption were context and not behaviour specific. Novelty stress resulted in higher ACTH levels in CB1-KOs than in WTs, which suggests that context dependency occurred in conjunction with an altered HPA axis function. The present data at least partly explain contrasting effects of cannabinoids in different contexts as well as in different species and strains that show differential stress responses and coping strategies.
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PMID:Context-dependent effects of CB1 cannabinoid gene disruption on anxiety-like and social behaviour in mice. 1507 64

Stressful experiences during development cause long-lasting changes in neuroendocrine systems as well as lasting changes in behavior. The present study examines the long-term consequences of daily periods of social isolation during the third postnatal week on radial arm maze performance in adulthood. Male rat pups were either isolated for 6 h per day between postnatal days 15-21 or remained in the home cage. This manipulation caused a significant increase in plasma corticosterone during the isolation period. As adults, these animals were tested on a 12-arm radial arm maze. Rats that experienced social isolation during development made more working memory errors during initial acquisition but reached an asymptotic level of performance comparable to controls. The pattern of reference memory errors across testing was comparable to the pattern of working memory errors, though the difference between isolated and control animals was not significant. Blood samples taken in adulthood revealed that social isolation during development results in an long-term elevation in plasma corticosterone levels. These findings indicate that isolation stress during the third week of life leads to lasting impairments in cognition and HPA axis activity and suggest a potential alteration in hippocampal function.
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PMID:Isolation stress during the third postnatal week alters radial arm maze performance and corticosterone levels in adulthood. 1558 15


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