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Query: UNIPROT:Q86TM3 (cage)
 29,987 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Male white rats were given with drinking water detergents: sodium alkylbenzenosulphonate /ABSNa/S/ and Rokamid MRZ 17, Group I/control/received tap water. Groups II, III and IV were given ABSNa/S in doses of 2, 6 or 18 mg/l of water, and groups V, VI and VII were given Rokamid MRZ 17 in the same concentrations. After 10 months of exposure to these detergents haematological tests were done: haemoglobin level, haematocrit value and clotting time; biochemical investigations included blood cholinesterase activity, bilirubin and cholesterol levels in plasma. Then memory potential was tested by teaching the rats differentiation and memorizing of visual stimuli in a cage specially adapted for that purpose. On the ground of the obtained results it can be said that in the groups receiving Rokamid MRZ 17 in 18 mg/l concentration and ABSNa/S 6 and 18 mg/l the median survival was decreased by over ten per cent, and blood clotting time was prolonged in relation to the control group. The results of conditioning tests showed that the highest concentration of Rokamid MRZ 17 produced memory impairment in this group.
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PMID:[Chronic toxic effects of surface-active substances varying in chemical structure]. 906 37

Paeoniflorin (1) and its derivatives having in common a cage-like pinane skeleton with hemiketal-acetal system, were evaluated for their effects on memory impairment induced by scopolamine in mice using a step-down type passive avoidance task. In the test session, 1 and its derivatives were intraperitoneally (i.p.) administered at doses of 0.002, 0.01, 0.02 and 0.2 mmol/kg, and 30 min later (15 min before the experiment), scopolamine (1 mg/kg, i.p.) was given. These compounds showed dose-dependent attenuation in a dose range of 0.002-0.02 mmol/kg and also enhancement of scopolamine-induced decrease in step-down latency. The effects of these compounds, except that of 2',3',4',5'-O-tetraacetyl-3-O-methylpaeoniflorin (8), followed a bell-shaped dose response profile. 8-Debenzoyl-6-deglucosyl-3-O-methylpaeoniflorin (6) showed no significant increase in the step-down latency at all tested doses. Maximum step-down latency was obtained by 3-O-methylpaeoniflorin (3) and 2',3,3',4',5'-penta-O-methylpaeoniflorin (7) (the minimal effective dose was 0.002 mmol/kg). Relative to 3, debenzoylation, as in 8-debenzoyl-3-O-methylpaeoniflorin (4), slightly increased the latency, while deglucosylation, as in 6-deglucosyl-3-O-methylpaeoniflorin (5), significantly reduced the prolongation of latency. Removal of both glucose and benzoyl moieties resulted in the loss of activity as seen in 6. These results revealed that, in addition to the cage-like pinane skeleton, the benzoyl and the glucosyl moieties are important structural elements of the paeoniflorin skeleton as its effects on scopolamine-induced amnesia.
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PMID:Effects of paeoniflorin derivatives on scopolamine-induced amnesia using a passive avoidance task in mice; structure-activity relationship. 985 8

As a first step, the present experiment aimed at characterizing learning and memory capabilities, as well as some motor and sensorimotor faculties, in aged (24-26.5 months) Long-Evans female rats. As a second step, a psychopharmacological approach was undertaken in order to examine the sensitivity of aged rats to muscarinic blockade and to cholinomimetic treatments. Young adult (3-5.5 months) and aged rats were tested for beam-walking performance, locomotor activity in the home cage and an open field, and spatial learning/memory performance in a water maze and a radial maze. Spontaneous alternation rates were assessed in a T-maze. Statistical analysis discriminated between aged rats showing moderate impairment (AMI) and those showing severe impairment (ASI) in the water maze test. Beside their different degrees of impairment in the water maze, AMI and ASI rats were similarly (no significant difference) impaired in beam-walking capabilities, home cage activity and radial maze performance. In the spontaneous alternation task aged rats were not impaired and, in the open-field test, AMI rats were hypoactive, but not as much as ASI rats. Neither of the cognitive deficits was correlated with a locomotor or a sensorimotor variable, or with the body weight. When tested in the radial maze, a low dose of scopolamine (0.1 mg/kg i.p.) produced memory impairments which were significant in AMI and ASI rats, but not in young rats. Combined injections of scopolamine and physostigmine (0.05 and 0.1 mg/kg) or tacrine (THA, 3 mg/kg) showed physostigmine (0.1 mg/kg) to compensate for the scopolamine-induced impairments only in AMI rats. whereas THA was efficient in both AMI and ASI rats. The results indicate: (i) that rats with different degrees of spatial memory impairment in the water maze are similarly hypersensitive to muscarinic blockade when tested in a radial maze test; and (ii) that under the influence of a dose of scopolamine which is subamnesic in young rats, aged rats respond to anticholinesterase treatments according to the level of performance achieved in the water maze: moderately impaired rats are sensitive to both physostigmine and THA, whereas more severely impaired rats are sensitive only to THA.
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PMID:Sensitivity to cholinergic drug treatments of aged rats with variable degrees of spatial memory impairment. 1021 May 22

Eptastigmine, a potent and long-lasting cholinesterase inhibitor on age-related memory deficits, was studied. Four groups of 3-, 18-, 23- and 27-month-old Wistar rats were first submitted to spontaneous motor activity evaluation and then trained in an eight-arm radial maze until they reached the criterion. The effect of introducing a 2-h delay between the fourth and fifth choices was then evaluated under the influence of acute oral dose of eptastigmine (0.5 mgkg(-1)) 120 min before the test. Eptastigmine reversed the impairment observed in vehicle-treated rats at all the tested ages. Two naive groups of 3- and 18-month-old rats were treated twice a day for 30 days with eptastigmine ( 0.25 mgkg(-1)p.o.) or vehicle and trained daily in the maze. Subchronic administration did not affect the performance in young rats, while in 18-month-old rats, the mean number of days needed to reach the criterion decreased and the percentage of animals reaching the criterion increased when compared to the vehicle group. The 18-month-old rats (ex-eptastigmine and ex-vehicle) were then allowed to age in their home cage without any further treatment for an additional 5 and 9 months, until they reached 23 and 27 months. The ex-eptastigmine rats tested at 23 months, without any treatment, showed better performance than that observed in ex-vehicle rats. When the same rats were tested again at 27 months of age, no difference was seen in comparison with ex-vehicle rats. Eptastigmine might, therefore, be helpful for correcting age-related memory impairment attributed to cholinergic hypofunction.
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PMID:Eptastigmine improves eight-arm radial maze performance in aged rats. 1098 87

The effects of acute injections of the NMDA receptor antagonist APV on one-trial fear conditioning of C57BL/6J mice were investigated in a time, dose (0.4-3.2 microg) and region-specific manner. Conditioned fear was determined by the assessment of freezing and the computer-controlled measurement of inactivity. Additionally, conditioned heart rate responses were evaluated in the tone-dependent memory test performed in the home cage with the help of implanted ECG transmitters. Injections of APV into the dorsal hippocampus (i.h.) 15 min before training, impaired dose-dependent contextual fear conditioning without discrimination between contextual foreground (unsignaled shock) and background (signaled shock) conditioning as tested 24 h after training. Short-term memory analyzed 1 h after training was also impaired. The observation that a smaller dose of APV was required for intracerebroventricular than for i.h. injection to achieve a similar memory impairment, pointed to the involvement of extrahippocampal NMDA receptors. APV treatment did not affect conditioned tone-dependent fear as indicated by unchanged freezing and heart rate responses of the freely moving mice. The results indicated the contribution of hippocampal and extrahippocampal NMDA receptors to multisensory contextual information processing during acquisition.
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PMID:Impairment of conditioned contextual fear of C57BL/6J mice by intracerebral injections of the NMDA receptor antagonist APV. 1108 May 47

Intradentate injection of colchicine is one of the techniques used to destroy granule cells. This study compared the behavioral effects of various amounts of colchicine (1.0, 3.0, and 6.0 microg; Col 1, Col 3, and Col 6, respectively) injected into the dentate gyrus of adult Long-Evans male rats. Starting 10 days after lesion surgery, behavioral testing assessed home-cage and open-field locomotion, alternation in a T-maze, water-maze, and radial-maze learning according to protocols placing emphasis on reference, and working memory. All of these tasks are sensitive to hippocampal disruption. Histological verifications showed that the extent of the lesions depends on the dose of colchicine (index of dentate gyrus shrinkage: -33% in Col 1, -54% in Col 3, and -67% in Col 6 rats). Colchicine dose-dependently increased nocturnal home cage activity (an effect found 10 days but not 5 months after surgery), but had no significant effect on open-field locomotion or T-maze alternation. A dose-dependent reference memory impairment was found during the acquisition of spatial navigation in the water maze; Col 3 and Col 6 rats were more impaired than Col 1 rats. During the probe trial (platform removed), control rats spent a longer distance swimming over the platform area than all rats with colchicine lesions. In the working memory version of the test, all rats with colchicine lesions showed significant deficits. The deficits were larger in Col 3 and Col 6 rats compared to Col 1 rats. The lesions had no effect on swimming speed. In the radial-maze test, there was also a dose-dependent working memory impairment. However, reference memory was disrupted in a manner that did not differ among the three groups of lesioned rats. Our data are in line with the view that the dentate gyrus plays an important role in the acquisition of new information and is an integral neural substrate for spatial reference and spatial working memory. They also suggest that damage to granule cells might have more pronounced effects on reference than on working memory in the radial maze. Finally, they demonstrate that part of the variability in the conclusions from previous experiments concerning the role of granule cells in cognitive processes, particularly in spatial learning and memory, may be due to the type of tests used and/or the extent of the damage produced.
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PMID:Cognitive performances and locomotor activity following dentate granule cell damage in rats: role of lesion extent and type of memory tested. 1152 55

The present study investigated whether the 'psychological threat' induced by sensory contact with an aggressive conspecific would be a sufficient factor in inducing behavioural and physiological disturbances. Repeated sensory contact with an aggressive mouse (social threat) in a partitioned cage was compared with repeated exposure to a novel partitioned cage in male NMRI mice. We first examined parameters of stress responsiveness (body weight, plasma corticosterone levels, frequency of self-grooming and defecation). The temperature and physical activity responses to stress were also recorded during and after the 4 weeks of stress using radiotelemetry. Finally, cognitivo-emotional performance was assessed after acute stress and 2 and 4 weeks of stress by measuring decision making, sequential alternation performance and behaviour in the elevated T-maze. Social threat had a greater impact than novel cage exposure on most parameters of stress responsiveness, although mice did not habituate to either stressor. Social threat rapidly led to an anticipatory rise in core body temperature and physical activity before the scheduled stress sessions. Such anticipation developed within the first week and persisted for 9 days after ending the stress procedure. Some memory impairment in the sequential alternation test was found in stressed mice, independent of the stressor. After 4 weeks of stress, inhibitory avoidance in the elevated T-maze was enhanced in socially stressed mice and reduced in novel cage mice. The sustained anticipation of stress in the social threat group preceded aversive responding. It remains to be established whether anticipation contributes to the development of aversive responses.
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PMID:Repeated sensory contact with aggressive mice rapidly leads to an anticipatory increase in core body temperature and physical activity that precedes the onset of aversive responding. 1530 72

Behavioral problems, school failure, and memory impairment are common among children with epilepsy. Currently, no effective treatment exists to promote recovery and neuron regeneration after seizures. To investigate the efficacy of environmental enrichment in reversing early-life seizure-induced changes in exploratory behavior and gene expression, we injected postnatal day 20 to 25 rats with kainic acid or saline and placed them either singly in a cage or as a group of eight in an enriched environment for 7 to 10 days. Exploratory behavior was quantified in an open field, and hippocampal gene analysis was performed on oligonucleotide microarrays. Exploratory behavior in kainic acid isolated rats were decreased in open field, whereas kainic acid rats exposed to an enriched environment behaved similarly to controls (n = 37, analysis of variance, P < .001). Correlated with an improvement in behavior, genes involved in synaptic plasticity and memory consolidation, such as Arc, Homer1a, and Egr1, were significantly increased in rats exposed to environmental enrichment. Real-time quantitative reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction confirmed our microarray data on select genes. Our results provide an experimental basis for promoting enriching education programs for children with epilepsy.
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PMID:Environmental enrichment reverses the impaired exploratory behavior and altered gene expression induced by early-life seizures. 1641 73

To investigate the long-term effects of developmental exposure to methylmercury (MeHg), pregnant mice were exposed to at 0.5 mg MeHg/kg/day via drinking water from gestational day 7 until day 7 after delivery. The behavior of offspring was monitored at 5-15 and 26-36 weeks of age using an automated system (IntelliCage) designed for continuous long-term recording of the home cage behavior in social groups and complex analysis of basic activities and learning. In addition, spontaneous locomotion, motor coordination on the accelerating rotarod, spatial learning in Morris water maze, and depression-like behavior in forced swimming test were also studied. The analysis of behavior performed in the IntelliCage without social deprivation occurred to be more sensitive in detecting alterations in activity and learning paradigms. We found normal motor function but decreased exploratory activity in MeHg-exposed male mice, especially at young age. Learning disturbances observed in MeHg-exposed male animals suggest reference memory impairment. Interestingly, the forced swimming test revealed a predisposition to depressive-like behavior in the MeHg-exposed male offspring. This study provides novel evidence that the developmental exposure to MeHg can affect not only cognitive functions but also motivation-driven behaviors.
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PMID:Developmental exposure to methylmercury alters learning and induces depression-like behavior in male mice. 2085 28

One group of six male control rats [21 months old] and one group of six male rats of the same age, singularly stored in a cage, and treated with acetyl-l-carnitine-HCl (ALCAR: 60 mg/kg/day/p.o.) for six months were tested in the spatial learning/memory Morris maze-water task and for atrophy and cell loss in seven myelo- and cytostructurally defined basal forebrain (BF) cholinergic regions [Gritti et al., 1993 J Comp Neurol 329: 438-457]. Coronal sections 25 mum thick were cut through the BF regions and processed every 200 mum for choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) immunohistochemistry. The ALCAR-treated rats had significantly shorter exit times on the Morris maze-water task test than the control rats (ANOVA-enzyme: F(1,39)=112.5, P=0.0001; sessions: F(3,39)=10.41, P=0.0001; interaction: F(3,39)=5.09, P=0.0044). Degenerative morphological changes in the BF ChAT-positive cells were observed in the control rats, but not in the treated animals, in: the diagonal band of Broca, the magnocellular preoptic nucleus, the olfactory tubercle, the substantia innominata, and the globus pallidus (ANOVA-enzyme: F(1,2)=14, P=0,0003; structures: F(6,7)=4, P=0,0018; interaction: F(6,7)=3, P=0,0043). In the diagonal band of Broca (P<0.0494) and in the magnocellular preoptic nucleus (P<0.0117) there were significantly fewer ChAT-positive neurons in the aged control rats than in the ALCAR-treated rats. These results demonstrate that in rats aged from 15 to 21 months ALCAR treatment significantly attenuated spatial learning/memory impairment on the Morris maze-water task and also importantly reduced the degeneration in size and number of cholinergic cells in the BF.
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PMID:Behavioral and degeneration changes in the basal forebrain systems of aged rats: a quantitative study in the region of the basal forebrain after levo-acetyl-carnitine treatments assessed by Abercrombie estimation. 1917 Nov 77


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