Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UNIPROT:Q86TM3 (cage)
 29,987 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Unlike the pure opioids such as morphine and heroin, opium is a complex and variable mixture of substances reflecting differences in both the starting material and the traditional practices of the regions in which it is produced. Analytical methods have improved greatly in recent years, to the point that the source of a preparation can often be identified by its opioid content and its impurities. Daily amounts used, both by smoking and by mouth, vary widely from less than a gram to 30 g, equivalent to 75-3000 mg of morphine. The effects of opium are essentially those of morphine but unexpected toxicities, such as oesophageal cancer associated with "dross opium" and polyneuropathy due to deliberate addition of arsenic, are problems in some specific regions. Prevalence of use in different areas and countries is governed by the same factors of ease of availability, price and social acceptance that apply to the use of alcohol and other drugs in western countries. The risk of addiction to opium smoking appears to be somewhat less than to parenteral use of heroin, but appreciably greater than to alcohol. Even in countries where its use is traditional, opium smoking carries substantial risks of harm to health and social functioning.
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PMID:Opium revisited: a brief review of its nature, composition, non-medical use and relative risks. 921 89

Paraneoplastic syndromes involving the visual system are a heterogeneous group of disorders occurring in the setting of systemic malignancy. Timely recognition of one of these entities can facilitate early detection and treatment of an unsuspected, underlying malignancy, sometimes months before it would have otherwise presented, and gives the patient an increased chance at survival. We outline the clinical features, pathogenesis, and treatment strategies for the retinal- and optic nerve-based paraneoplastic syndromes: cancer-associated retinopathy; melanoma-associated retinopathy; paraneoplastic vitelliform maculopathy; bilateral diffuse uveal melanocytic proliferation; paraneoplastic optic neuropathy; and polyneuropathy, organomegaly, endocrinopathy, monoclonal gammopathy, and skin changes syndrome. Distinguishing these disorders from their non-paraneoplastic counterparts (e.g., autoimmune-related retinopathy and optic neuropathy, and acute zonal occult outer retinopathy) and determining appropriate systemic evaluation for the responsible tumor can be challenging. In addition, we discuss the utility and interpretation of autoantibody testing.
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PMID:Paraneoplastic and non-paraneoplastic retinopathy and optic neuropathy: evaluation and management. 2396 19