Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: UNIPROT:Q86TM3 (cage)
 29,987 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Psychopharmacological properties of crude extract and essential oil of Lippia multiflora (Lm), a verbenacea of african traditional pharmacopea were investigated in rat using classical methods. The extract of Lm is constituted by an infusion of dried leaves. The essential oil is obtained by hydrodistillation of the dried leaves of Lm with a yield of 0.6%. A dilution of 1% is realised with distilled water and the dose of 2 ml/kg of this solution was chosen for this study. The wistar rats of both sexes weighting between 150 and 250 g are used. Animal's behaviour is observed macroscopically for 12 hours. The spontaneous motor activity is appreciated by method of Martin et al. slightly modified. The number of squares jumped by animals in a rectangular cage is determined in ten minutes. The traction test which measures the time necessary for restoration of posterior paws of rat on metallic bar and the duration of pentobarbital sleeping are used for evaluation of muscle relaxant and sedative effects, respectively. The effects of the two preparations of Lm on apomorphin stereotypies and hypothermia are used to investigate the eventual neuroleptic or antidepressant activity. Analgesic property is evaluated by using acetic acid method. The results are expressed as mean +/- SEM. Data are analysed by using the Dunnett's test. A probability level of 0.05 or less was considered to be stalistically significant. The two preparations of Lm at the doses used are well tolerated by rats. No macroscopic difference is observed in behavioural of control and treated groups. Crude extract and essential oil:--does not modify a spontaneous motor activity: control: 45.00 +/- 5.63; crude extract of Lm: 31.00 +/- 5.63; essential oil of Lm: 28.00 +/- 7.62; diazepam 4 mg/kg: 23.80 +/- 5.27 (P < 0.05);--caused an increase of the time necessary for the restoration of paws on the metallic bar in the traction test: control 1.20 +/- 0.25 sec; crude extract of Lm 5.60 +/- 0.57 sec (P < 0.01), essential oil of Lm. 3.60 +/- 0.57 sec (P < 0.01) diazepam 3.60 +/- 0.57 sec (P < 0.01). The differences between the results obtained with crude extract, essential oil and diazepam are significant;--caused a reduction of abdominal cramps induced by acetic acid, control: 26.80 +/- 0.41; crude extract of Lm: 17.00 +/- 1.45 (P < 0.01); essential oil of Lm: 9.20 +/- 1.91 (P < 0.01) and acetylsalicylic acid (Aspegic*) 25 mg/kg 5.40 +/- 1.25 (P < 0.01). The differences is significant between essential oil and crude extract (P < 0.05) but no significant difference is observed between essential oil and acetylsalicylate of lysin. No activity of the two preparations is observed on apomorphin stereotypia and hypothermia comparatively with haloperidol 4 mg/kg and clomipramin 16 mg/kg respectively. Those results confirm the tranquillizer and analgesic activities of Lm and reveal that the crude extract would be more muscle relaxant and the essential oil more analgesic.
 ...
PMID:[Psychopharmacological properties of crude extract and essential oil of Lippia multiflora]. 1168 58

Cage stereotypies-abnormal, repetitive, unvarying and apparently functionless behaviours-are common in many captive animals, sometimes resulting in self-injury or decreased reproductive success. However, a general mechanistic or neurophysiological understanding of cage stereotypies has proved elusive. In contrast, stereotypies in human mental disorder, or those induced by drugs or brain lesions, are well understood, and are thought to result from the disinhibition of behavioural selection by the basal ganglia. In this study, we found that the cage stereotypies of captive bank voles also correlate with signs of altered response selection by the basal ganglia. Stereotypic bar-mouthing in the caged voles correlated with inappropriate responding in extinction learning, impairments of response timing, evidence of a knowledge-action dissociation, increased rates of behavioural activation, and hyperactivity. Furthermore, all these signs intercorrelated, implicating a single underlying deficit consistent with striatal disinhibition of response selection. Bar-mouthing thus appears fundamentally similar to the stereotypies of autists, schizophrenics, and subjects treated with amphetamine or basal ganglial lesions. These results represent the first evidence for a neural substrate of cage stereotypy. They also suggest that stereotypic animals may experience novel forms of psychological distress, and that stereotypy might well represent a potential confound in many behavioural experiments.
 ...
PMID:Evidence for a relationship between cage stereotypies and behavioural disinhibition in laboratory rodents. 1238 93

This study examined the striatal dopamine system integrity and associated behavior in 5- to 7-year-old rhesus monkeys born from mothers that experienced stress and/or consumed moderate levels of alcohol during pregnancy. Thirty-one young adult rhesus monkeys were derived from females randomly assigned to one of four groups: (1) control group that consumed isocaloric sucrose solution throughout gestation; (2) stress group that experienced prenatal stress (10-min removal from home cage and exposure to three random loud noise bursts, gestational days 90 through 145); (3) alcohol group that consumed alcohol (0.6 g/kg/day) throughout gestation; or (4) combined alcohol plus stress group that received both treatments. The subjects were assessed for striatal dopamine system function using positron emission tomography (PET), in which the dopamine (DA)-rich striatum was evaluated in separate scans for the trapping of [(18)F]-Fallypride (FAL) and 6-[(18)F]fluoro-m-tyrosine (FMT) to assess dopamine D2 receptor binding potential (BP) and DA synthesis via dopa decarboxylase activity, respectively. Subjects were previously assessed for non-matching-to-sample (NMS) task acquisition, with ratings of behavioral inhibition, stereotypies, and activity made after each NMS testing session. Subjects from prenatal stress conditions (Groups 2 and 4) showed an increase in the ratio of striatal dopamine D2 receptor BP and DA synthesis compared to controls (Group 1). An increase in the radiotracer distribution volume ratios (DVRs), which is used to evaluate the balance between striatal DA synthesis and receptor availability, respectively, was significantly correlated with less behavioral inhibition. The latter supports a hypothesis linking striatal function to behavioral inhibitory control.
 ...
PMID:Prenatal stress, moderate fetal alcohol, and dopamine system function in rhesus monkeys. 1501 51

Environmental restriction or deprivation early in development can induce social, cognitive, affective, and motor abnormalities similar to those associated with autism. Conversely, rearing animals in larger, more complex environments results in enhanced brain structure and function, including increased brain weight, dendritic branching, neurogenesis, gene expression, and improved learning and memory. Moreover, in animal models of CNS insult (e.g., gene deletion), a more complex environment has attenuated or prevented the sequelae of the insult. Of relevance is the prevention of seizures and attenuation of their neuropathological sequelae as a consequence of exposure to a more complex environment. Relatively little attention, however, has been given to the issue of sensitive periods associated with such effects, the relative importance of social versus inanimate stimulation, or the unique contribution of exercise. Our studies have examined the effects of environmental complexity on the development of the restricted, repetitive behavior commonly observed in individuals with autism. In this model, a more complex environment substantially attenuates the development of the spontaneous and persistent stereotypies observed in deer mice reared in standard laboratory cages. Our findings support a sensitive period for such effects and suggest that early enrichment may have persistent neuroprotective effects after the animal is returned to a standard cage environment. Attenuation or prevention of repetitive behavior by environmental complexity was associated with increased neuronal metabolic activity, increased dendritic spine density, and elevated neurotrophin (BDNF) levels in brain regions that are part of cortical-basal ganglia circuitry. These effects were not observed in limbic areas such as the hippocampus.
 ...
PMID:Environmental complexity and central nervous system development and function. 1536 62

Mice housed in standard cages show impaired brain development, abnormal repetitive behaviours (stereotypies) and an anxious behavioural profile, all of which can be lessened by making the cage environment more stimulating. But concerns have been raised that enriched housing might disrupt standardization and so affect the precision and reproducibility of behavioural-test results (for example, see ref. 4). Here we show that environmental enrichment increases neither individual variability in behavioural tests nor the risk of obtaining conflicting data in replicate studies. Our findings indicate that the housing conditions of laboratory mice can be markedly improved without affecting the standardization of results.
 ...
PMID:Laboratory animal welfare: cage enrichment and mouse behaviour. 1560 44

There is experimental evidence indicating that the non-competitive NMDA receptor antagonist MK-801 impairs cognition and produces a series of schizophrenia-like symptoms in rodents (hypermotility, stereotypies, and ataxia). The present study was designed to investigate the efficacy of the nitric oxide (NO) donor molsidomine in counteracting these MK-801-induced behavioral effects in the rat. In a first study, post-training administration of molsidomine (at 4 but not 2 mg/kg) successfully antagonized MK-801-induced performance deficits in a recognition memory test. In a subsequent study, molsidomine (2 and 4 mg/kg) was shown to be unable to reverse MK-801-induced hypermotility but attenuated stereotypies (continuous movement whole cage, body sway, and head weaving) produced by MK-801. Moreover, at 4 mg/kg this NO donor counteracted MK-801-induced ataxia. Our findings indicate that molsidomine attenuates behavioral effects related to the hypofunction of the NMDA receptor suggesting that NO might be involved in the psychotomimetic effects of non-competitive NMDA receptor antagonists.
 ...
PMID:Nitric oxide donor molsidomine attenuates psychotomimetic effects of the NMDA receptor antagonist MK-801. 1671 Aug 46

Standard cages prevent mice from performing several natural behaviours for which they are motivated. As a consequence, abnormal behaviours sometimes develop and mice often spend long periods inactive. To improve welfare, cages are sometimes furnished with items such as nesting material, shelters and running wheels. We have previously reported that when allowed to self-administer an anxiolytic, mice in furnished cages consume less anxiolytic than mice in standard cages. This paper presents the results of behaviour studies of the mice in the same experiment. Female C57BL/6J mice (3 per cage) were housed in Standard (n = 10), Unpredictable (n = 10) or Furnished (n = 6) cages. Unpredictable cages were identical to Standard cages, but were exposed to unpredictable events two to three times a week. Furnished cages were double the size of Standard cages and contained nesting material, nest box, tubes, chew blocks and a running wheel. During three consecutive periods, mice had access to only water (control), water or an anxiolytic solution on a daily alternating schedule (forced consumption), and finally, both water and anxiolytic (self-administration). Behaviour was analysed from video recordings taken during the dark phase. The housing type affected behaviour both under the control and the self-administration conditions. Overall, mice in Furnished cages spent less time resting and performing bar-related behaviours and more time on exploratory/locomotory behaviours. Mice in Furnished cages also performed less bar-circling stereotypies than mice in Standard cages. The Unpredictable treatment did not significantly affect behaviour compared to mice in the Standard conditions. There was an overall effect of anxiolytic availability on rest-related behaviours and on exploration-locomotion behaviours, in that mice rested more and spent less time on exploration and locomotion when they were able to self-administer the anxiolytic.
 ...
PMID:Behaviour of laboratory mice in different housing conditions when allowed to self-administer an anxiolytic. 1701 10

Standard housing for laboratory mice severely restricts natural behaviour and the control that the animal has over its environment. Providing the cage with objects is a method that has been used to both increase environmental complexity, promote the performance of natural behaviour and provide greater controllability for the animal. This method of furnishing cages has mostly been studied in adult animals, and little is known about the influence that the preweaning environment has on the behaviour of mice as adults. This study aimed to investigate the effects on mice behaviour of preweaning and postweaning housing environment. In this experiment, 64 pairs of animals of the strain C57BL/6J were used. Half of the animals were born and reared until weaning in standard cages and the other half in cages twice the size of the standard and furnished with nesting material, a cardboard tube, a PVC nest box and a wooden chewblock. After weaning, half the animals in each group were changed to the other type of cage, whereas the other half remained in the same environment; in both cases they were kept in single-sex pairs of littermates. Behaviour during the dark, active period was studied through video recordings. We found no main effects of preweaning environment on behaviour; however, mice moved from furnished to standard cages at weaning showed a decrease in inactive behaviour at four weeks of age. Mice housed after weaning in standard cages spent less time inactive, and more time engaging in activities like feeding and drinking, self-grooming and allogrooming. A sex difference was also found, in that females showed a greater performance of exploratory behaviour as well as a greater prevalence of stereotypies. The use of different objects and locations within the furnished cage was also analysed at both ages. Results show that at eight weeks of age mice spent more time at the top of the cage, and that the use of the nest box (although not for resting) increased between four and eight weeks. Mice were found to use the nest box as a nesting site/sleeping place only at age four weeks, whereas they always used the nesting material for sleeping.
 ...
PMID:The effect of preweaning and postweaning housing on the behaviour of the laboratory mouse (Mus musculus). 1723 55

Alcoholism is a complex disorder influenced by interactions between genetic and environmental risk factors. This study examined the influence of isolate housing on ethanol intake in alcohol-preferring (P) and non-alcohol-preferring (NP) rats. Rats were isolate-housed or pair-housed for 8 weeks when between 45 and 96 days old. Ethanol drinking was assessed using a 24-hr preference test (10% ethanol vs. water) and 20-min limited access tests. A behavioral test battery was used to assess anxiety-like, depressive-like, acoustic startle, and motor behavior. Isolate housing increased home cage drinking in both lines and increased limited access drinking selectively in P rats. Isolation also reduced swim test immobility and prepulse inhibition in P rats and increased locomotor stereotypies in NP rats. Taken together, these data demonstrate that LinexEnvironment interactions influence the effects of isolation. Furthermore, isolation selectively increased ethanol intake in high drinking P rats. This effect was not correlated with changes in other behaviors. Selective enhancement of limited access ethanol drinking in P rats may represent a model whereby genetic liability to excessive drinking is enhanced by specific environmental exposures.
 ...
PMID:Increased alcohol drinking in isolate-housed alcohol-preferring rats. 1732 55

Dopamine plays an important role in learning and memory processes. A deficit of this neurotransmitter as it is apparent in Alzheimer's disease (AD) may contribute to cognitive decline, a major symptom of AD patients. The aim of this study was to elucidate whether or not stimulation of the dopaminergic system leads to an improvement of cognitive function and reduction of non-cognitive behavioral alterations in a murine model of AD. Transgenic and wild type male mice of the TgCRND8 line were treated either with the dopamine precursor levodopa or vehicle and tested in two learning tasks, the object-recognition task and the Barnes maze test. Additionally 24 h spontaneous behavior in the home cage was analyzed. In both memory tasks wild type mice performed significantly better than transgenics. However, transgenics treated with levodopa showed a significant object recognition memory and improved acquisition of spatial memory in the Barnes maze compared to vehicle treated transgenics. Concerning spontaneous behavior transgenic mice performed much more stereotypies than wild types. However, there was a trend for reduced stereotypies in the levodopa group in the time the drug was active. Neurochemical analysis revealed elevated levels of dopamine in the neostriata and frontal cortices and reduced levels in the hippocampi of transgenic mice compared to wild types. Thus cognitive deficits and stereotypies may be due to changes in the dopaminergic system as they could be ameliorated by levodopa treatment, that might also have a therapeutic significance for AD.
 ...
PMID:Levodopa ameliorates learning and memory deficits in a murine model of Alzheimer's disease. 1807 24


<< Previous 1 2 3 4 5 Next >>