Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UNIPROT:Q86TM3 (cage)
 29,987 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

In order to determine the relationship between striatal dopamine (DA) receptor density and psychomotor performance in senescent animals, two experiments were carried out. In the first, the age-related motor deficits were characterized using a battery of four psychomotor tests (rod walking, wire hanging, inclined screen, plank walking). These tests were administered to three groups of male Fischer rats (mature, 6-8 months; middle aged, 12-18 months; and senescent, 25 months) and performance measured. Age-related differences were observed on all the tasks, with the oldest animals showing the poorest performance. These animals were then used in a second experiment in which one-half of the group of animals from each age was administered 1.86 mg/kg/day of haloperidol for 14 days (via surgically implanted Alza Minipumps. Control groups of animals from each age were given pumps which contained only the vehicle (HCl diluted with distilled water, pH = 2.9). Following the 14 day drug administration, the pumps were surgically removed and 3 days later all the groups were retested on the psychomotor tests. Stereotypy (to 0.5 mg/kg of apomorphine, sniffing, licking, grooming and cage crossings) was also re-examined. Results show that haloperidol-treated animals from all three age groups display greater response times (i.e., better performance) than vehicle-treated animals on the battery of four motor tests and, the haloperidol-treated old animals exhibit more sniffing and grooming than the vehicle-treated old animals. Parallel increases in [3H]spiperone binding seen in all haloperidol-treated groups suggest a relationship between increases in the density of striatal DA receptors and improvement in motor performance.
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PMID:Psychomotor performance in the senescent rodent: reduction of deficits via striatal dopamine receptor up-regulation. 668 1

Agonistic, locomotor, and stereotyped behavior were measured in male Swiss-Webster mice in their home cage, normally shared with a female, while confronting an intruder mouse. Acute administration of d-amphetamine (2, 4, 8 mg/kg, IP) to resident mice decreased the frequency of attacks toward an untreated intruder, increased the resident's locomotor activity, and induced a small amount of stereotyped behavior. Redetermination of dose-effect functions during chronic treatment (8 or 16 mg/kg/day) indicated that tolerance did not develop to the antiaggressive effect of d-amphetamine. By contrast, the chronically treated mice showed sensitization to amphetamine-induced stereotypies and a diminished sensitivity to the drug's enhancement of locomotor activity. Subsequent tests with cocaine indicated no differences between amphetamine-maintained and saline control animals, providing no evidence for cross-tolerance or cross-sensitization between cocaine's and amphetamine's effects on attack, locomotion, and stereotypies.
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PMID:No tolerance to antiaggressive effect of d-amphetamine in mice. 677 65

Stereotyped movements are described in monkeys and humans and are classified as arising from constraint, sensory deprivation in infancy, amphetamine treatment or psychotic states. It is argued that, with the exception of cage stereotypies, stereotyped behaviour is evidence of abnormality in the nervous system consequent upon distorted maturational processes, organic defect or biochemical disturbance. Stereotypy is associated with a state of cognitive inflexibility and social and sensory isolation in humans and monkeys. It is suggested that, while no simple biochemical disturbance in the brain can describe these various occurrences of stereotypy, the cross-species occurrence of a syndrome of isolation, cognitive inflexibility and stereotypy implies a related mechanism mediating these divergent effects. If stereotypy is regarded as a consequence of failure to use sensory input to direct behaviour, therapeutic regimes designed to stimulate responsive behaviours and social interactions are more likely to be effective in the long run than direct attempts to suppress stereotypy.
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PMID:Stereotypy in monkeys and humans. 680 1

Rats were chronically injected with saline, clozapine, or haloperidol and tested for alterations in dopamine (DA)-mediated behavior, DA receptor binding, and both acetylcholine (ACH) concentration and choline acetylase activity. Behaviorally, chronic haloperidol significantly enhanced apomorphine-induced chewing and sniffing stereotypies, associated with DA nigrostriatal activation, while clozapine selectively enhanced apomorphine locomotor activity and cage-floor crossing, behavior associated with DA mesolimbic activation. Biochemically, chronic haloperidol significantly enhanced 3H-spiroperidol binding in striatum and in mesolimbic loci (nucleus accumbens/olfactory tubercle) while chronic clozapine failed to produce such enhancement. Acute haloperidol induced an initial decrease in striatal ACH concentration followed by a return of ACH to normal levels within 1 week. There was no change in choline acetylase activity during the same time interval. These findings suggest that haloperidol may inhibit DA mechanisms in both the nigrostriatal may inhibit DA mechanisms in both the nigrostriatal and mesolimbic systems, but that the effect of clozapine on DA mechanisms may be specific to mesolimbic rather than striatal structures. At the same time, the lack of effect of clozapine on 3H-spiroperidol binding may indicate that behaviorally important changes in DA sensitivity can develop independent of changes in post-synaptic DA receptors. The pattern of cholinergic changes with chronic haloperidol suggests that the increase in striatal DA receptor number seen with chronic treatment re-establishes DA inhibition of cholinergic firing within the striatum.
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PMID:Behavioral and biochemical aspects of neuroleptic-induced dopaminergic supersensitivity: studies with chronic clozapine and haloperidol. 680 29

According to the coping hypothesis, the adaptive significance of stereotypies in barren housing conditions may lie in their potency to attenuate the deleterious consequences of chronic stress. Present evidence from experimental studies is ambiguous. When Zur:ICR mice were selectively prevented from stereotypic wire gnawing at the cage lid, the previous amount of stereotyped behaviour after a short-term decrease in activity was compensated by variable active behaviour on the cage floor. This change in behaviour was associated with a short-term elevation of serum corticosterone concentrations 24 h after stereotypy prevention. However, 3 days later corticosterone levels were back at pretreatment base levels. Both behavioural and physiological short-term effects were caused by the impact of prevention on behavioural organization. They disappeared as soon as new habits were established, even though they were not stereotyped. In contrast to the predictions of the coping hypothesis, prevention of stereotypy had no significant effects on chronic measures of both the sympathetic-adrenal-medullary system and the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal system. Thus, there is no evidence that stereotypic wire gnawing reduces chronic stress in Zur:ICR mice. This implies that coping with stress is not a general aspect of cage-induced stereotypic behaviour.
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PMID:Prevention of stereotypy in laboratory mice: effects on stress physiology and behaviour. 873 7

A chronic 10-day amphetamine (Amp) protocol was used to induce significant long-term decrements of the striatal [18F]fluoro-L-DOPA influx rate constant (FDOPA Ki) in the vervet monkey. Longitudinal FDOPA-positron emission tomography (PET) assessment in Amp-treated subjects subsequently revealed a gradual recovery of striatal dopamine function: FDOPA Ki values were decreased by approximately 70% at 1 month, approximately 45% at 6 months, approximately 20% at 12 months and were similar to pre-Amp values at 24 months. Motoric and social behavioral measures were obtained on all subjects within a species-typical group setting. Behavioral observations were conducted during both basal and stressor-challenge conditions, the latter being created by placing a potential intruder-animal in an individual cage adjacent to the subject's group enclosure. During basal conditions, post-Amp stereotypies were present at 2 weeks and locomotor behaviors were increased throughout 1 month; both alterations occurred while FDOPA Ki values were significantly decreased. Social behaviors were also significantly affected; affiliative behavior was decreased up to 6 months while aggressive behavior was increased for 12 months. However, a different pattern of behavioral changes emerged under stressor-challenge conditions. Motoric and social changes were of greater magnitude and persisted longer than in basal settings while aggressive behavior remained elevated at 24 months. These results indicate that chronic Amp-induced decreases in FDOPA Ki values and behavioral alterations are reversible. Changes in striatal dopamine function as indexed with FDOPA-PET are not correlated with post-Amp alterations in behaviors and moreover, expression of those behaviors is context-dependent.
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PMID:Ethological and 6-[18F]fluoro-L-DOPA-PET profiles of long-term vulnerability to chronic amphetamine. 907 90

Food restriction (9 days) promoted stereotyped behavior in drug-free mice of the DBA/2 (DBA), but not in those of the C57BL/6 (C57), inbred strain. Indeed, behavior presented by food-restricted mice of the DBA strain within the home cage was characterised by a very high response rate within a single response: cage cover climbing. Moreover, enhanced climbing in food-restricted mice of the DBA strain was also observed in a test designed to detect stereotypic effects of drugs in mice. Stereotypic behavior in DBA mice did not depend on nutritional status because: 1. No stereotypies were observed in DBA mice food-deprived for 15 h; 2. no strain-dependent differences in weight loss were observed; and 3. enhanced cage cover climbing was still evident in DBA mice following 24 h of free feeding. Finally, food-restricted DBA mice showed long-lasting sensitization to the locomotor effects of systemic amphetamine, indicating stress-induced behavioral sensitization in this strain of mice. By contrast, no sign of behavioral sensitization was observed in food-restricted mice of the C57 strain. These results indicate that restricted feeding promotes stereotyped behavior, as well as behavioral sensitization to amphetamine, in mice. Moreover, the observed parallelism between strain-dependent susceptibility to environmentally-induced stereotypies and behavioral sensitization supports the hypothesis that these phenomena share common neuro-biological bases.
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PMID:Parallel strain-dependent susceptibility to environmentally-induced stereotypies and stress-induced behavioral sensitization in mice. 910 67

Cocaine administration to laboratory animals may produce locomotor hyperactivity and stereotypies that include sniffing and rearing, in addition to anxiety-like effects. A time-sampling study of the effects of 3, 10 or 30 mg/kg cocaine (i.p.) over time following injection indicated early enhancement of locomotion and crouching, with the latter most increased in low- and intermediate-dose cocaine groups, with increased rearing and standing during the second hour of the test period. Additional analyses at 30-60 min post-injection suggested qualitative changes in rearing, with high dose animals showing more, but shorter, rears, and a higher frequency of sniffing. The high dose cocaine enhancement of sniffing was strongly associated with rear and stand behaviors, but also occurred while the animal was crouching. This pattern of changes, with initial crouching/freezing and locomotion (flight?), followed by rearing, standing, and sniffing behaviors similar to those seen in risk assessment suggests that cocaine, particularly at high doses, may elicit defense. An additional study using only saline or the high (30 mg/kg) dose indicated that cocaine produced more sniffing regardless of the direction from which the air stream entered the test cage (i.e. top or bottom). However, cocaine animals oriented their sniffing behaviors toward the incoming air, with reliably more sniffs up in cages with the air stream entering from the top, and more sniffs down, when the air stream entered through a wire mesh cage bottom. Controls showed the same pattern, but their sniff orientation differences were not reliable. These results indicate that the sniffing that follows acute high dose cocaine administration is appropriately oriented toward relevant environmental stimuli, a factor disconsonant with the interpretation of sniffing as a stereotypical behavior, but one that is in agreement with the view that it may reflect a risk assessment component of the defense pattern.
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PMID:Acute cocaine effects on stereotype and defense: an ethoexperimental approach. 988 11

Stereotypies are patterns of motor behavior that are repetitive, excessive, topographically invariant, and that lack any obvious function or purpose. In humans, stereotyped behaviors are associated with psychiatric, neurological, and developmental disorders. In animals, stereotypy has been frequently associated with adverse environmental circumstances and often related to alterations in striatal dopamine. To assess the development of stereotyped behaviors and to test the hypothesis that these behaviors are associated with environmental restriction, deer mice were housed in either standard laboratory cages or larger, enriched cages, and the development of stereotypy was followed from weaning over a 17-week period. Standard-caged deer mice engaged in stereotyped behaviors at a higher rate and developed these behaviors more quickly when compared to animals in enriched caging. Additionally, enriched caging was associated with higher rates of patterned running, whereas jumping and backward somersaulting were typically observed in standard cages. In addition, there was a significant effect of litter, but no effect of sex or cage, on the time to develop stereotypy. No differences were found in the density of either striatal D1 or D2 dopamine receptors or the concentration of striatal dopamine or its metabolites as a function of rearing condition or as a function of whether the animals developed stereotypy. These results characterize the development of stereotypies in this species, demonstrate the importance of environmental conditions in the genesis of stereotypy, and suggest that alterations in striatal dopamine content or dopamine receptor density do not account for the expression of stereotyped behaviors in this model.
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PMID:A rodent model of spontaneous stereotypy: initial characterization of developmental, environmental, and neurobiological factors. 1033 65

Female mink pups were weaned at 6, 8 or 10 weeks of age and subjected to two different housing conditions. They were either kept together with a single male sibling in traditional mink cages (30x45x90 cm) or housed socially with all litter-mates in an alternative system consisting of three adjoining traditional cages (90x45x90 cm). All cages were supplied with nest boxes. At 5 months of age, the siblings were removed leaving the females socially isolated in the two different cage systems. Females' stereotypies were quantified by repeated scanning observations under the social housing conditions immediately before removal of the siblings, and again at the age of 7 and 9 months, when the animals had stayed solitary in the two systems for 2 and 4 months. Solitary females showed significantly more stereotypies than females under social housing conditions in both cage systems. Stereotypies were more frequent in the smaller traditional cages. Stereotypies declined from 7 to 9 months of age among solitary animals in traditional cages but not in alternative cages. Early-weaned solitary females in traditional cages showed more stereotypies than later-weaned animals, but only when measured at the age of 7 months. It is suggested that early weaning, individual housing and small cages promote the development of stereotypies in farmed mink. The influence of early weaning on stereotypies seems to decline with age, while effects related to individual housing and small cages appear to be more persistent.
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PMID:Effects of early weaning and housing conditions on the development of stereotypies in farmed mink. 1077 17


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