Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UNIPROT:Q86TM3 (cage)
 29,987 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Norepinephrine turnover rates and tyrosine hydroxylase activities were determined in the interscapular brown fat pad of the rat during cold acclimation, hyperthyroxinism, and after thyroidectomy. Rats were cold acclimated by placement in a cold room, one rat to a cage, for a period of 6 wk. Hyperthyroxinism was induced by daily subcutaneous injections of L-thyroxine (1 mg/kg) for 6 days. Norepinephrine turnover rate and enzyme activity were determined at the end of each experimental period and at 8 wk after thyroidectomy. The rate of norepinephrine turnover increased during cold acclimation and hyperthyroxinism and decreased after thyroidectomy. Cold acclimation resulted in a significant increase in tyrosine hydroxylase activity, whereas no significant effect on enzyme activity was observed in hyperthyroxinism or after thyroidectomy. None of the conditions produced a change compared to controls in the apparent Km of tyrosine hydroxylase for L-tyrosine. Cold acclimation resulted in a significant decrease in the apparent Km of tyrosine hydroxylase for pterin cofactor, whereas thyroxine treatment and thyroidectomy had no effect.
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PMID:Thyroid cold acclimation influences on norepinephrine metabolism in brown fat. 1 13

An investigation was made of the effect of thermic stress on the somatic rage reaction and on rapid circling turns in cats awake and free to move in a behavioural cage. An increase in room temperature had a two-phase effect on the excitability of the nervous structures stimulated that is able to evoke the somatic rage reaction and rapid circling turns. The first phase, at room temperature 25 degrees-30 degrees C, was characterized by hypoexcitability; the second phase, appearing after longer periods of exposure and at temperatures above 30 degrees C, was characterized by the onset panting, hyperexcitability of the nervous structures stimulated and then by lowering of the somatic rage reaction threshold and a very significant increase in the number of circling turns. Experimentation on the action of cold external temperature on the excitability of structures involved in evoking the somatic rage reaction and rapid circling turns indicated an increase in their excitability, corresponding to an increase in spontaneous and evoked somatic motor activity.
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PMID:The effect of thermic stress on the somatic reaction of rage and on rapid circling turns, in the cat. 6 54

A field investigation was conducted to study the thermoregulatory responses in nine Japanese macaques (Macaca fuscata) living in a snowy mountain area, Jigoku-Dani (Hell Valley, about 1,000 m above sea level) in Shiga Heights in central Japan in late January 1975. At about the same time, a laboratory study was made on four Japanese macaques reared in mild climate in an outdoor cage in Inuyama City. In the Hell Valley (HV) monkeys, no significant change in metabolic rate was observed at Ta between -1.4 and 28.3 degrees C, while the rectal temperature was maintained at normal level. In the cold environment, the skin temperatures of HV monkeys were significantly higher than those of the monkeys living indoors previously studied. Similar patterns of metabolic and thermal responses were observed in Inuyama monkeys living outdoors, but to a lesser degree. The hair on the back and abdomen in the HV monkeys was significantly longer than that of Iuyama monkeys living indoors. It is suggested that the thick fur of HV monkeys may account for, if not all, the thermoregulatory responses of the Japanese macaque in snowy mountain areas.
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PMID:Thermoregulation of the Japanese macaque living in a snowy mountain area. 41 Sep 88

The fluorescence intensity of the catecholamine cell bodies of the A2 group--as determined by microfluorimetry--increased significantly due to exposure of the rats to the following environmental events: placement of a rat from the colony cage into a cold (4 degree C) room for a period of 10 min, isolation of a rat from the colony for 6--7 days, and satiation of gouped rats by allowing them access to sweetened milk for 15 min. The following events failed to affect the intensity of the cells of A2: reduction of the group colony size from eight to three rats per colony for 6--7 days and presentation of water instead of milk after the rats had experienced 6--7 days of milk satiation. These results indicate that aversive as well as rewarding environmental events activate the catecholamine cells of A2.
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PMID:Environmental events that modify the catecholamine fluorescence of the A2 cell bodies in nucleus tractus solitarii. 69 Feb 91

Knowledge of the pathogenesis of pneumonia due to Mycoplasma pneumoniae has been derived primarily from experimental infection of rodents. As part of an effort to establish a model with a closer resemblance to man, three seronegative, young, adult rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) were inoculated with M. pneumoniae (10(7.4) cfu per animal) by oropharyngeal administration of coarse-particle aerosol. Five to six days after exposure of the animals, cultures obtained from the upper respiratory tract were positive for M. pneumoniae. Each animal subsequently developed a serologic response, as determined by complement fixation, complement-mediated killing, and tetrazolium-reduction inhibition techniques. Infection was subclinical, and serial chest roentgenograms failed to disclose pneumonia throughout the course of infection. Blood cell counts and titers of cold agglutinins remained unchanged. Althought M. pneumoniae was recovered from the upper respiratory tract of two monkeys for 50 days, there was no evidence of transmission of infection to cage-mate controls inoculated with broth.
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PMID:Experimental production of respiratory tract infection with Mycoplasma pneumoniae in rhesus monkeys. 81 46

The study was designed to test whether or not bile reflux is necessary for the development of gastric mucosal lesions during cold-restraint stress in the rat. 40 male Sprague-Dawley rats were studied. They were randomized into 4 groups. Group 1 underwent sham operations with no cold-restraint stress. Group 2 underwent sham operations. Group 3 underwent pyloric ligation. Group 4 underwent bile duct ligation. Groups 2, 3, and 4 were subjected to cold-restraint stress for 3 hours at 4-6 degrees C in a Bollman cage. After the experimental procedure, the stomachs were removed under ether anesthesia, the severity of lesions was recorded, and blood from the hearts was obtained for hematocrit readings. The mean lesion scores of all groups exposed to cold-restraint stress were similar and much higher than that of the unrestrained sham-operated group (P smaller than 0.001). Also, mean hematocrit readings in all groups exposed to cold-restraint stress were lower than in the control group (P smaller than 0.05). There was a correlation between severity of mucosal lesions and hematocrit reading (rs=0.57, P smaller than 0.001). The results obtained allow the following conclusions: (1) Bile reflux is not necessary for formation of cold-restraint stress lesions in the rat. (2) Hematocrit readings appear to be a useful measure of blood loss secondary to experimental mucosal lesions.
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PMID:The role of bile reflux in the development of cold-restraint gastric lesions. 113 Mar 63

Ultrasonic vocalizations, emitted by rat pups when separated from their mother, littermates, and home cage, have been used as a measure of isolation distress. Recently, we demonstrated that cold exposure is the primary component of isolation that induces the vocalization. We were unable, however, to suppress all ultrasound production when transferring pups to a thermoneutral (35 degrees C) environment. Using an infrared thermography system that allows us to estimate noninvasively heat production by brown adipose tissue, we found that pups transferred from the home nest to a 35 degree C test chamber exhibited sizable levels of heat production while they were vocalizing. Moreover, both heat production and ultrasound emission decreased over the 15-min test. Next, we used extreme care to minimize thermal, and therefore respiratory, stimulation of pups before, during, and after the transfer procedure. We found that such precautions prevented both heat production and ultrasound emission following transfer. These results indicate that infant rats' thermal sensitivities are far greater than previously suspected.
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PMID:Thermogenesis during ultrasonic vocalization by rat pups isolated in a warm environment: a thermographic analysis. 145 44

Male and female Mongolian gerbils (Meriones unguiculatus) carrying three coat color alleles, agouti, sandy, and black, were tested for 15 min under three cage temperature conditions, warm (35-40 degrees C), neutral (20 degrees C), and cold (0-5 degrees C). A frequency count of scratching, face and body wash, belly/side rubs, and shaking was taken of these animals' activities during the test sessions. Sex differences were not evident but coat color and age temperature affected the belly/side rubs and shaking activities. There were also effects of cage temperature but not coat color on face/body wash and scratching. It appears that animals with these coat color variants manifest disparate patterns of COBS behavior when encountering different thermal environments.
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PMID:Coat color genes and cage temperature effects on care of the body surface (COBS) behavior of Meriones unguiculatus. 159 Jul 29

1. In four awake dogs we measured EMG activity of three inspiratory and four expiratory muscles during sustained central chemoreceptor stimulation (CO2 inhalation), and peripheral chemoreceptor stimulation (intravenous infusion of almitrine bismesylate (almitrine)). By using this selective pharmacological stimulation of the peripheral chemoreceptors and reversibly cold-blocking pulmonary stretch receptors, we were able to determine the effects of each type of stimulation on respiratory muscle recruitment in the absence of such complicating influences as pulmonary stretch receptor feedback, cerebral hypoxia or hypocapnia, and differences in breathing pattern. 2. During 10 min of steady-state hyperpnoea (minute ventilation VI, approximately twice eupnoea) caused by either hypercapnia or isocapnic stimulation of the carotid bodies with almitrine, all three inspiratory and all four expiratory muscles demonstrated significant and sustained elevations in EMG activity. 3. With both types of chemoreceptor stimulation, as tidal volume, VT, increased, so did the mean electrical activities of the crural diaphragm (r = 0.88), costal diaphragm (r = 0.93), parasternals (r = 0.82), triangularis sterni (r = 0.74), transversus abdominis (r = 0.77), external obliques (r = 0.68) and internal intercostals (r = 0.75). 4. In each dog, the response of ventilation and of the diaphragmatic EMG to a given level of central or peripheral chemoreceptor stimulation is highly reproducible from one test day to the next. On the other hand, accessory inspiratory and expiratory abdominal and rib cage muscles in two of the four dogs showed highly significant changes from day to day in the amount of their EMG activity at any given VT. 5. During steady-state ventilatory stimulation, 2 min intervals were chosen during which the two types of chemoreceptor stimulation had caused hyperpnoeas with similar values for VT, total time per breath (TTOT) and inspiratory time divided by the total time (TI/TTOT). Comparison of EMG activities during these matched hyperpnoeas revealed that there were no differences in the activities of any of the muscles between the two forms of stimulation. We conclude that peripheral chemoreceptor stimulation causes significant and sustained recruitment of expiratory muscles even in the absence of pulmonary feedback and that both expiratory and inspiratory muscles are recruited to the same extent during peripheral chemoreceptor stimulation as they are during an identical hyperpnoea caused by central chemoreceptor stimulation.
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PMID:Respiratory muscle recruitment during selective central and peripheral chemoreceptor stimulation in awake dogs. 159 81

Pregnant rats were exposed three times daily to immobilization stress during gestational Days 15-19. The behavior of their offspring was compared with the behavior of offspring from unstressed control mothers. Although the stress procedure decreased the weight gain of mothers during pregnancy, it slightly but significantly increased the weight of their offspring at birth and at weaning. On postnatal Day 10, prenatally stressed pups returned to their home cage more quickly than did prenatally unstressed control pups during a nest odor discrimination task, but no differences between groups in the number of correct responses were found. On postnatal Days 70-72, prenatally stressed offspring showed increased exploratory activity in a complex tunnel maze compared with control offspring. On postnatal Day 80, analgesia induced by stress (swimming for 3 min in cold water) was determined (tail flick latency). The degree of stress-induced analgesia was smaller in prenatally stressed rats than in control rats. These data suggest that the effects of prenatal stress on behavior are most clearly discernable when such animals are confronted with a novel or stressful situation.
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PMID:Prenatal stress effects on exploratory activity and stress-induced analgesia in rats. 175 54


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