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Query: UNIPROT:Q29983 (MIC)
 21,138 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Norfloxacin and fleroxacin displayed similar in-vitro activity against test strains of Escherichia coli (MIC 0.06 mg/l) and Salmonella typhimurium (0.125 mg/l). Septicaemic infection of mice with E. coli could be almost cured by quinolones but not by ampicillin. Fleroxacin was more potent than norfloxacin. Infection of mice with S. typhimurium was much more difficult to treat. In spite of higher doses the bacterial counts remained at a considerable level. Again, fleroxacin was more active in vivo than norfloxacin.
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PMID:Comparative activities of norfloxacin and fleroxacin in experimental infections due to Salmonella typhimurium and Escherichia coli. 314 30

We have studied the in-vitro activity of erythromycin, vancomycin and pristinamycin against 1,006 clinical isolates comprising streptococci, staphylococci, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Haemophilus influenzae and anaerobes. In-vitro studies show pristinamycin to inhibit staphylococci and streptococci, including erythromycin highly-resistant organisms, at a concentration of less than or equal to 0.78 mg/l. Although pristinamycin's mean MIC for streptococci is higher than that of erythromycin, pristinamycin is bactericidal, whereas erythromycin is bacteristatic against Streptococcus agalactiae and oral streptococci. Enterococci were less uniformly susceptible to pristinamycin: 58 of the 94 Enterococcus faecalis tested were resistant (MIC greater than or equal to 3.12 mg/l). 14 of the 15 isolates of Enterococcus faecium were inhibited by less than or equal to 1.56 mg/l pristinamycin. Pristinamycin showed poor activity against Haemophilus influenzae (mode MIC 1.56 and MIC90 of 3.12 mg/l) but all except two of the 100 Neisseria gonorrhoeae tested were inhibited by less than or equal to 0.78 mg/l pristinamycin. Pristinamycin inhibited all nine Clostridium spp. at less than or equal to 0.39 mg/l and 38 of 40 strains of anaerobic gram-positive cocci at less than or equal to 0.78 mg/l. It was less effective against the Bacteroides fragilis group: (MIC90 3.12 mg/l). Pristinamycin had poor bactericidal activity against the anaerobes tested.
Infection 1988
PMID:Comparative in-vitro activity of erythromycin, vancomycin and pristinamycin. 314 52

Twenty-four patients undergoing gall bladder surgery and placement of a Kehr T-tube were examined for imipenem pharmacokinetics in plasma and bile fluid following an intravenous short-term infusion (20 min) of 500 mg respectively 1000 mg each of imipenem and cilastatin. In group I (500 mg; 12 patients) a mean peak concentration in bile fluid of 10.5 mg/l (range 1.5 to 16.7 mg/l) was reached just after 10 min. 60 min after the end of infusion the imipenem concentration was between 8 and 9 mg/l. In group I the half-life of imipenem in bile was 0.84 h. In group II (1000 mg; 12 patients) the mean peak level in bile fluid was 1&.5 mg/l (range 3.5 to 51.3 mg/l). The half-life in bile was 1.24 h in this group. The data indicated that 4 h after the administration of either 1000 mg or 500 mg, imipenem serum and bile concentrations were markedly above the MIC values for pathogens expected to be found in infections of the biliary tract.
Infection
PMID:Bile levels of imipenem in patients with T-drain following the administration of imipenem/cilastatin. 318 87

One hundred seventy-five clinical isolates of Haemophilus influenzae (including 74 beta-lactamase-producing strains) were examined for susceptibility to ampicillin, cefonicid, cefamandole, cefuroxime and cefotaxime. Cefonicid and cefamandole exhibited similar activity against ampicillin-susceptible strains (MIC90 = 0.2 mg/l for both antibiotics); cefuroxime was slightly less active (MIC90 = 0.01 mg/l). However, cefonicid, cefuroxime and cefotaxime were all more active against beta-lactamase-producing H. influenzae than cefamandole (MIC90 = 1.0 mg/l for cefonicid, MIC90 = 2.0 mg/l for cefuroxime, MIC90 = 0.01 mg/l for cefotaxime, MIC90 = 5.0 mg/l for cefamandole). One hundred twenty-five of the 175 isolates were also tested for susceptibility to cefonicid and cefamandole by disc diffusion technique and a plot of zone diameter vs. MIC was analyzed for the beta-lactamase-producing strains.
Infection
PMID:In vitro activity of second and third generation cephalosporins against ampicillin susceptible and resistant haemophilus influenzae. 326 30

During the last few years the impact of the newer 4-quinolones, ciprofloxacin, enoxacin, norfloxacin, ofloxacin and pefloxacin, on the human microflora has been studied by several investigators. This review article summarizes the published data concerning these studies. The results show that the oropharyngeal flora is affected only slightly or not at all by the 4-quinolones. All the newer 4-quinolones have a similar effect on the normal intestinal flora. The gram-negative aerobic flora is strongly suppressed during administration of 4-quinolones, while the gram-positive flora is only slightly affected. The anaerobic microflora is hardly affected at all. The emergence of resistant bacterial strains is uncommon, although one study shows increased MIC-values for anaerobes during ciprofloxacin administration. Replacement by yeasts or other inherently resistant microorganisms does not often seem to be a problem. High concentrations of the 4-quinolones are reached in faeces, values between 100-2,200 mg/kg being reported. Since the 4-quinolones do not cause marked ecological disturbances in the intestinal microflora, they may be suitable for selective decontamination in immunocompromised patients, for prophylaxis of urinary tract infections and for treatment of bacterial intestinal infections.
Infection 1988
PMID:A review on the impact of 4-quinolones on the normal oropharyngeal and intestinal human microflora. 328 41

The clinical efficacy and the safety of ciprofloxacin was studied in 92 patients (aged 26 to 83 years; mean 57.5 years) affected by urinary tract infections (UTI) and respiratory tract infections (RTI) suffering also with various liver diseases. Ciprofloxacin was given orally at different dose regimens: 500 mg b.i.d. (22 cases), 250 mg b.i.d. (20 cases), 500 mg s.i.d. (20 cases) for the treatment of UTIs; 500 mg b.i.d. (ten cases) and 250 mg b.i.d. (20 cases) for the treatment of RTIs. The doses were not correlated to the severity of the infections. Patients were treated for five to 15 days. All the bacteria isolated from sputum or urine before treatment were sensitive to ciprofloxacin (MIC range less than or equal to 0.015 mg/l to 8 mg/l). The clinical and bacteriological responses were favourable in a high percentage of patients both for RTIs and UTIs, irrespective of the dose. Side effects were infrequent (7%) and mild (nausea, gastralgia, oral candidosis), never requiring the interruption of the treatment. No change in the blood chemistry tests was observed at any dose.
Infection 1988
PMID:Efficacy and safety of ciprofloxacin in the treatment of UTIs and RTIs in patients affected by liver diseases. 328 17

Antibiotic-resistant pneumococci, especially penicillin-resistant strains, are being increasingly isolated. Pneumococci with intermediate penicillin-resistance (MIC 0.1-1.0 micrograms/ml) have been reported from many parts of the world over the past two decades, and highly resistant strains (penicillin MICs greater than or equal to 2 micrograms/ml) have also appeared. Infection may be acquired in the hospital or community, and nosocomial outbreaks may occur which require control measures to limit organism spread. Most infections occur in children with diminished host responses. Disease caused by pneumococci with intermediate penicillin-resistance may be treated with high doses of penicillin, but disease caused by highly resistant strains, especially meningitis, may require alternative therapy. Pneumococci resistant to sulfonamides, tetracyclines, erythromycin, lincomycin, clindamycin, chloramphenicol, aminoglycosides and rifampin have also appeared. Strains resistant to all the above-mentioned agents, including all beta-lactam antibiotics tested, have been reported from South Africa and Spain. Alternative therapy for resistant strains may include vancomycin, cefotaxime, cefoperazone, ceftriaxone and imipenem. Pneumococci isolated from sites suggestive of infection, especially blood and cerebrospinal fluid, should be routinely tested for penicillin-susceptibility.
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PMID:World-wide development of antibiotic resistance in pneumococci. 331 32

The antimicrobial activity of ceftazidime was tested against 1482 gram-negative and 1216 gram-positive strains isolated from fresh clinical specimens and compared with generally used antibiotics including other third generation cephalosporins and broad spectrum penicillins. Minimal inhibitory concentrations were determined in a broth dilution test on microtiter plates. In the group of the gram-negative bacteria ceftazidime was the most active of the antimicrobial agents tested with an MIC of 0.5 mg/l (MIC90) for most of the isolates. Ceftazidime exhibited a broad spectrum of activity against gram-negative pathogenic bacteria including Enterobacteriaceae (Escherichia coli, Klebsiella spp., Proteus spp. Enterobacter spp., Citrobacter spp., Serratia spp.) including frequently resistant strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Acinetobacter spp. and Alcaligenes faecalis. The activity against P. aeruginosa is the most remarkable property of the agent. Ceftazidime is less effective against gram-positive compared to gram-negative bacteria. No inhibitory action can be observed against Streptococcus faecalis.
Infection 1987
PMID:[Comparative in vitro study of the antimicrobial activity of ceftazidime against clinical isolates]. 331 26

In a prospective pharmacokinetic study the serum and tissue concentrations of ciprofloxacin (Bay O9867), a new carboxyquinolone antimicrobial agent were studied. 22 patients were given 300 mg ciprofloxacin i. v. before the operation (group A), and 19 patients were premedicated with 500 mg ciprofloxacin orally twice daily for three days followed by 300 mg i. v. preoperatively. Tissue samples weighing approximately 2 g were taken from the fallopian tubes, the ovaries, the fundus myometrium and the cervix. Ciprofloxacin concentrations were measured biologically by the cup plate agar diffusion method. Ciprofloxacin concentrations in serum and gynecological tissues were within the same range in both groups. Maximal serum concentrations of 6 and 4 mg/l, respectively, were recorded immediately after infusion. After 2 h serum concentrations ranged from 0.6 to 1.3 mg/l in both groups. At the same time, the tissue concentrations ranged from 0.62 to 3.3 mg/kg, indicating that tissue levels exceed corresponding serum concentrations. On average ciprofloxacin is concentrated in the extravascular space two-fold, as compared to the corresponding serum concentrations. There is no drug accumulation. The tissue concentrations obtained provide a full antibacterial coverage for gynecological infections, since the MIC for the most pathogenic bacteria is less than 1 mg/l.
Infection 1988
PMID:Single and multiple dose pharmacokinetics of ciprofloxacin in gynecological tissues. 337 29

Regression analyses to determine the correlation of MIC and inhibition zone produced by ofloxacin disks were carried out using 300 freshly isolated cultures of infective organisms (20 strains each from 15 species). It was found in pilot studies that the correlation becomes poorer with increasing disk loads. Disks containing 5 micrograms of ofloxacin were chosen for comparative studies using Mueller-Hinton agar and Kirby-Bauer, as well as DIN-58940 methods. Based on preliminary MIC breakpoints of 1 and 4 mg/l and on calculations from regression equations, the following zone interpretations using the Kirby-Bauer method are recommended: resistant = up to 12 mm, intermediate = 13 to 19 mm, susceptible = 20 mm or more. The respective values for the DIN method are: resistant = up to 14 mm, intermediate = 15 to 21 mm, susceptible = 22 mm or more. The results are similar to those obtained by us in previous studies with norfloxacin, enoxacin and ciprofloxacin.
Infection 1986
PMID:[Criteria for the interpretation of sensitivity testing of ofloxacin with the agar diffusion test]. 345 82


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