Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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A Serratia marcescens biotyping system using eight carbon sources (benzoate, DL-carnitine, m-erythritol, 3-hydroxybenzoate, 4-hydroxybenzoate, lactose, D-quinate, and trigonelline), a tetrathionate reduction test, production of prodigiosin, and horse blood hemolysis was derived from a recent numerical taxonomic study (Grimont et al., J. Gen. Microbiol. 98:39-66, 1977). A total of 98.6% of 2,210 isolates from various sources could be assigned to 1 of 19 biotypes. Distribution and spread of 1,088 S. marcescens isolates throughout 13 clinical departments of Pellegrin Hospital (Bordeaux, France) were studied from 1968 through 1975. Except for one that colonized the intestinal tract of newborns, the six pigmented biotypes were seldom isolated. Each of the 13 nonpigmented biotypes showed a particular pattern of distribution and spread. The usefulness of S. marcescens biotyping was shown by relating several isolates recovered from patients and their inanimate environment and by pointing out the possible existence of infections or colonizations by two unrelated biotypes. S. marcescens strains isolated from the natural environment (water) are usually pigmented, and their biotypes are uncommon in hospitals. Biotyping can, therefore, be of help in epidemiological and ecological surveys.
J Clin Microbiol 1978 Jul
PMID:Biotyping of Serratia marcescens and its use in epidemiological studies. 35 73

McKeating et al. (J.A. McKeating, P.D. Griffiths, and J.E. Grundy, J. Gen. Virol. 68:785-792, 1987; J. A. McKeating, J. E. Grundy, Z. Varghese, and P. D. Griffiths, J. Med. Virol. 18:341-348, 1986; J. A. McKeating, S. Stagno, P. R. Stirk, and P. D. Griffiths, J. Med. Virol. 16:367-373, 1985) reported previously that beta 2 microglobulin inhibits the detection of human cytomegalovirus (CMV) in urine specimens by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) with a monoclonal antibody against the glycoprotein of CMV. They postulated that beta 2 microglobulin binds to the viral glycoproteins and masks the antigenic determinants. We developed here an ELISA method for the detection of CMV in urine by using a monoclonal antibody against the viral 150-kDa protein to capture the viral antigen. This assay detected CMV both in culture medium and in urine specifically at concentrations higher than 10(3) PFU/ml and quantitatively at concentrations higher than 10(4) PFU/ml. The sensitivity of the ELISA increased about 10-fold when peroxidase-labeled F(ab')2 from goat anti-human immunoglobulin G was used as a secondary detecting antibody in combination with concentration of the virus in urine samples by ultracentrifugation. The inhibition of ELISA by beta 2 microglobulin was not observed in this ELISA system. When 56 urine specimens from renal transplant recipients were examined for CMV antigens, the ELISA system had a sensitivity of 78% and a specificity of 97%. The positive and negative predictive values of the assay were 95 and 86%, respectively. Furthermore, CMV antigens in urine were quantitated by the assay during the course of typical CMV disease of renal transplant recipient. These results suggest strongly that the measurement of CMV antigens in urine by our rapid and quantitative ELISA system provides very useful data for the monitoring of CMV infections in renal transplant recipients and making decisions about therapy.
J Clin Microbiol 1992 Mar
PMID:Detection of cytomegalovirus in urine samples by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay using a monoclonal antibody against the viral 150-kilodalton protein. 131 48

Some 86 heart transplant recipients under immunosuppressive therapy were vaccinated against hepatitis B using the vaccine Gen H-B-Vax-D, but 95.3% failed to develop protective levels of HBs-specific antibody (more than 10 U/l) after the third vaccination.
Clin Investig 1992 Jul
PMID:Failure of vaccination against hepatitis B with Gen H-B-Vax-D in immunosuppressed heart transplant recipients. 139 27

The Accuprobe Streptococcus pneumoniae Culture Identification Test (Gen-Probe, Inc.) was evaluated with 172 isolates of S. pneumoniae and 204 nonpneumococcal isolates. The sensitivity and specificity of the Accuprobe test were 100%. Optimum results were obtained when four or more discrete colonies were selected for testing. The Accuprobe test was determined to be an accurate and rapid method for identification of S. pneumoniae.
J Clin Microbiol 1992 Oct
PMID:Identification of Streptococcus pneumoniae with a DNA probe. 140 Sep 74

Commercial chemiluminescent DNA probes (Accuprobe; Gen-Probe, San Diego, Calif.) for the identification of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) complex, M. avium complex (MAC), M. gordonae, and M. kansasii were evaluated with 134 clinical isolates. These included 36 MTB complex, 40 MAC, 27 M. gordonae, 9 M. kansasii, and 22 Mycobacterium spp. The specificity was 100% for the four probes. The sensitivity was 100% for the MTB complex and M. gordonae probes and 95.2% for the MAC probe. Five of the nine M. kansasii isolates tested were not detected with the probe.
J Clin Microbiol 1992 Sep
PMID:Evaluation of nonradioactive DNA probes for identification of mycobacteria. 140 Oct 20

Fifty-three of 54 isolates of fungi were correctly identified with an acridinium ester-labelled probe for Histoplasma capsulatum (Accuprobe; Gen-Probe, San Diego, Calif.). One isolate of Aspergillus niger was incorrectly identified as H. capsulatum. Age of the culture, medium for isolation, and morphologic state did not affect the results.
J Clin Microbiol 1992 Nov
PMID:Evaluation of a chemiluminescent probe assay for identification of Histoplasma capsulatum isolates. 145 74

A chemiluminescent DNA probe (Accuprobe) assay developed by Gen Probe, Inc., for the rapid identification of Histoplasma capsulatum was evaluated and compared with the exoantigen test by using 162 coded cultures including Histoplasma capsulatum var. capsulatum, Histoplasma capsulatum var. duboisii, Histoplasma capsulatum var. farciminosum, Blastomyces dermatitidis, Coccidioides immitis, Paracoccidioides brasiliensis, and morphologically related saprobic fungi. Each test uses a chemiluminescent, acridinium ester-labeled, single-stranded DNA probe that is complementary to the rRNA of the target organism. Lysates of the test cultures were prepared by sonication with glass beads and heat treated. After the rRNA was released from the target organism, the labeled DNA probe combined with the target H. capsulatum rRNA to form a stable DNA-RNA hybrid. A hybridization protection assay was used, and the chemiluminescence of hybrids was measured initially with a Leader 1 luminometer as relative light units and later during the investigation with a probe assay luminometer as probe light units. Of the 162 coded mycelial cultures tested by the Accuprobe assay, 105 were identified as H. capsulatum. The test could be performed with an inoculum of a few square millimeters (1 to 2 mm2) of growth. In the primary evaluation, the Accuprobe identified 103 of the 105 cultures as H. capsulatum within 2 h. The remaining two cultures, contaminated with bacteria, had to be purified before the Accuprobe assay identified them correctly as H. capsulatum. Since each coded culture was concurrently tested for H. capsulatum, B. dermatitidis, and C. immitis exoantigens, the identification of all three dimorphic pathogens was provided simultaneously. Of the 162 coded cultures tested, 105 were identified by the exoantigen test as H. capsulatum, 12 were identified as B. dermatitidis, 13 were identified as C. immitis, and 32 were negative for H. capsulatum, B. dermatitidis, and C. immitis. The bacterial contamination in two isolates did not interfere with the exoantigen testing. The exoantigen test required 7- to 10-day-old colonies and required 48 to 72 h of incubation before definitive identification was obtained.
J Clin Microbiol 1992 Dec
PMID:Comparative evaluation of a chemiluminescent DNA probe and an exoantigen test for rapid identification of Histoplasma capsulatum. 145 92

We have identified rare (approximately 0.2% of all samples), but clinically significant, discrepancies between serum or plasma sodium concentrations measured with the Kodak Ektachem 700's direct ion-selective electrode (ISE) method and concentrations measured with two other analyzers: the Beckman Synchron CX3's dilutional ISE instrument and the Radiometer KNA2 instrument for sodium-potassium analysis by the direct ISE method. The differences do not appear to be related to any previously identified sources of discrepancy, such as variations in triglycerides, bicarbonate, total protein, albumin, or gamma-globulin, the presence of paraproteins, or interference by benzalkonium chloride from heparinized catheters. They occurred despite the use of Gen 04 reference fluid on the Ektachem. We could not identify any drug or family of drugs that the patients had taken in common and that might influence the results. Until this problem is resolved, Ektachem users should be aware of the potential for discrepancies of > 6 mmol/L in measurements of sodium concentrations.
Clin Chem 1992 Dec
PMID:Discrepancies between sodium concentrations measured by the Kodak Ektachem 700 and by dilutional and direct ion-selective electrode analyzers. 145 77

A polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for the detection of Chlamydia trachomatis was developed and evaluated. Two primer-probe sets were designed; one detected a specific sequence of the plasmid, and the other detected the gene encoding the major outer membrane protein. Both sets reacted species specifically and amplified sequences from all human serovars. A simple protocol was used for sample pretreatment. The PCR was optimized by addition of tetramethylammonium chloride and bovine serum albumin. The results of the PCR with the plasmid primer-probe set were compared with those of culture and the Chlamydiazyme and Gen-Probe PACE 2 tests for urogenital specimens from 220 patients. The rates of prevalence of infection with C. trachomatis were 22.7, 16.4, 15.0, and 14.5%, respectively. The sensitivities of the Chlamydiazyme and Gen-Probe PACE 2 assays compared with culture were 66.7 and 61.1%, respectively, and their sensitivities compared with PCR were 60.0 and 60.0%, respectively. The sensitivity of culture compared with PCR was 70.0%. Forty-eight of the 50 specimens positive by PCR with the plasmid primer-probe set could be confirmed by PCR with the major outer membrane protein primer-probe set or culture. It is concluded that the PCR is the most sensitive technique for laboratory detection of C. trachomatis.
J Clin Microbiol 1992 Aug
PMID:Development and clinical evaluation of a polymerase chain reaction test for detection of Chlamydia trachomatis. 150 May 21

Five hundred urine specimens were selected at random and screened for bacteriuria by a DNA probe method, FlashTrack (Gen-Probe, San Diego, Calif.), and an automated bioluminescence method, UTIscreen (Los Alamos Diagnostics, Los Alamos, N.M.), and the results were compared with those of the semiquantitative plate culture method. The performance of each test versus culturing was evaluated at colony counts of greater than or equal to 10(4), greater than or equal to 5 x 10(4), and greater than or equal to 10(5) CFU/ml. Since the interpretive breakpoint of each test was user selectable, the results were reported as receiver operator characteristic curves. Optimum interpretive breakpoints were determined for each test at each colony count by calculating a performance index that emphasized sensitivity over specificity in a 70:30 ratio. Although both tests had less-than-optimal sensitivities and specificities, the performance of FlashTrack was significantly better than that of UTIscreen at two of the three colony counts (10(4) and 10(5) CFU/ml); however, FlashTrack costs more and is a labor-intensive procedure. Neither method was evaluated for the detection of colony counts of less than 10(4) CFU/ml.
J Clin Microbiol 1992 Feb
PMID:Analyses of the FlashTrack DNA probe and UTIscreen bioluminescence tests for bacteriuria. 153 3


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