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Study of corneal endothelium by scanning and transmission electron microscopy in two cases of corneal disease. In one case of herpetic keratitis with stromal oedema, there is no cellular reaction. The endothelium is damaged with cellular necrosis and nucleus irregularity. Intercellular junctions are abnormal. With TEM it is possible to say that there are two layers of cells on some places with cellular necrosis. In one case of corneal dryness with lesions of corneal anaesthesia the cells are very damaged and a retrocorneal membrane if formed by many layers of cells. The intercellular junctions are almost normal.
Arch Ophtalmol Rev Gen Ophtalmol
PMID:[Electron microscopic study of the corneal endothelium in 2 cases of keratitis. Herpetic disciform keratitis. Neuroparalystic keratitis with dry keratitis]. 13 Aug 83

Psychophysiological inhibition theories of hysterical anesthesia were not supported in a study of habituation of scalp somatosensory average-evoked responses. Facilitation, rather than habituation, was found in responses contralaterial to the affected side with strong tactile stimuli in patients with hysterical heminesthesia or hemihypoesthesia, regional pain, and weakness. We suggest that the increase in response amplitude is related to the unusual congnitive set in these patients. Corticufugal influences on tactile sensory input might be mediated through increasing-excitation in a spinal-gating system.
Arch Gen Psychiatry 1975 Feb
PMID:Facilitation of somatosensory average-evoked potentials in hysterical anesthesia and pain. 111 67

1. Unilateral denervation of the rat vas deferens (RVD) was performed under anesthesia. The animals were allowed to recover 4 or 10 days and then concentration-effect (C-E) curves to noradrenaline (NA) and neurokinin A (NKA) were constructed in denervated and control RVD. 2. Tissues denervated 4 or 10 days produced NA responses shifted 20-fold to the left with maxima 130% of control. 3. NKA C-E curves in denervated RVD were not significantly different from control. 4. Phenylephrine exhibited a 6-fold increase in tissue sensitivity after denervation. 5. Chronic denervation of the vas deferens resulted in significant postsynaptic supersensitivity to alpha 1-adrenoceptor agonists but not to NKA.
Gen Pharmacol 1992 May
PMID:Absence of denervation supersensitivity to neurokinin A in the rat vas deferens. 135 59

1. The effect of enflurane, a volatile anesthetic, on heme metabolism was studied. Different doses (0.5-6.0 ml/kg) of this anesthetic were administered i.p. to mice and animals sacrificed at different times after administration (5-240 min). 2. The dose of 2 ml/kg was chosen as the optimum anesthetic dose producing more alterations in the heme pathway. 3. ALA-S was significantly induced at earlier times of anesthesia. 4. Blood PBGase and deaminase was greatly reduced. 5. This diminution coupled with ALA-S induction are in accordance with the known biochemical changes occurring in acute intermittent porphyria and include enflurane in the list of porphyrinogenic drugs, the use of which is not recommended for the management of anesthesia in porphyric patients.
Gen Pharmacol 1992 Jul
PMID:Porphyrinogenic properties of the anesthetic enflurane. 139 73

1. The effects of two anaesthetics, sodium pentobarbital and urethane, and the effects of anaesthesia-associated hypothermia on acid-base status and blood gases were studied in rats without assisted ventilation. 2. Manipulation of conscious rats produces a progressive increase in arterial lactate associated with slight hyperventilation. 3. Sodium pentobarbital anaesthesia produces mild respiratory acidosis accompanied by increase in lactate arterial values. Urethane anaesthesia leads to partially compensated metabolic acidosis. 4. Hypothermia reduces metabolic acidosis and hypercapnia induced by sodium pentobarbital anaesthesia. No difference between hypothermic and normothermic values was observed in urethane anaesthesia.
Gen Pharmacol 1992 Jul
PMID:Differential effects of hypothermia upon blood acid-base state and blood gases in sodium pentobarbital and urethane anaesthetised rats. 139 74

Arginine vasopressin (AVP) has been identified and quantified in the brain and plasma of the possum using a highly specific radioimmunoassay and high-performance liquid chromatography. Large amounts of AVP were found in the pituitary (16.3 +/- 0.56 micrograms/pituitary, n = 5) and hypothalamus (398 +/- 82.5 ng/hypothalamus), and significant amounts of AVP were also present in the cerebral cortex (26.8 +/- 11.5 ng/cortex). Plasma AVP concentrations were significantly lower (2.2 +/- 0.45 pg/ml, n = 10) during anesthesia compared to concentrations while conscious (4.5 +/- 1.19 pg/ml). Severe hemorrhage markedly increased plasma concentrations to 1091 +/- 225 pg/ml (n = 8). It was concluded that AVP is present in the possum brain, pituitary, and plasma, and that its secretion is stimulated by hypovolemia and inhibited by surgical stress.
Gen Comp Endocrinol 1992 Nov
PMID:Brain content and plasma concentrations of arginine vasopressin in an Australian marsupial, the brushtail possum Trichosurus vulpecula. 147 38

1. There is not yet a consensus as to which of the neuronal membranes, which molecular component of any particular membrane or what specific function of the membrane is critical for general anaesthesia. 2. However, when considering anaesthetic effects on different synapses, with neurotransmitter receptors, ion channels etc., the unifying central concept is action at a membrane level. 3. This paper will review the general evidence for this unifying hypothesis, and consider the apparent exceptions and limitations. 4. The membrane hypothesis is usually stated in the form of the Meyer and Overton "rule" relating anaesthetic potency to hydrophobic solubility. 5. The relationship applies to inhaled anaesthetics with potencies over a 100,000-fold range and has been described as one of the most powerful correlations in biology. 6. Finding additional compounds that confirm this correlation is not likely to elucidate further the anaesthetic mode of action, and concentrating on the apparent exceptions to the hypothesis may prove to be a better approach. 7. The apparent exceptions to the membrane hypothesis include some of the physiological and convulsant gases as well as higher members of a homologous series of hydrophobic compounds above the so-called "cut-off" effect. 8. The apparent limitations include two of the most widely used clinical agents--enflurane and isoflurane. 9. This paper will include some new data characterizing the anaesthetic site of action using a diverse group of anaesthetics (including some of the exceptions already mentioned). 10. The evidence is against an earlier hypothesis that there is a bimodal distribution of the molecular sites.
Gen Pharmacol 1992 Nov
PMID:Molecular interactions of anaesthetics with biological membranes. 148 9

1. In conscious normotensive rats, hydralazine (5-10 mg kg-1 p.o.) produced a dose-related fall in systolic blood pressure, accompanied by a pronounced increase in heart rate. 2. The tachycardia induced by hydralazine (10 mg kg-1 p.o.) in conscious normotensive rats was strongly inhibited after anaesthesia with urethane (1.26 g kg-1 i.p.). 3. In anaesthetized normotensive rats, hydralazine (1 mg kg-1 i.v.) caused a fall in mean blood pressure, accompanied by irregular effects on the heart rate that consisted in a combination of initial tachycardia followed by bradycardia. 4. In pithed rats, hydralazine (1 mg kg-1 i.v.) did not affect mean arterial blood pressure but produced a significant decrease in heart rate. 5. In rat isolated atria, hydralazine (2 mM) produced a positive inotropic/negative chronotropic effect. 6. These results suggest that urethane inhibits the cardiovascular reflex that causes the tachycardia induced by hydralazine in conscious normotensive rats. For this reason, in anaesthetized normotensive rats appear the direct effect of the drug on the heart.
Gen Pharmacol 1992 Nov
PMID:Effect of urethane on hydralazine-induced tachycardia in rats. 148 25

1. General anaesthesia is a state of analgesia and impaired cognitive function that results from the depressant effects of anaesthetics. 2. Graded increases in anaesthetic concentration cause a progressive impairment of cognitive function, the extremes of which are commonly described as "light" and "deep" anaesthesia. 3. Surgical stimulation produces activation in the EEG and may arouse a patient from a deeper to a lighter state of cognitive function. 4. It may be very difficult, particularly in patients with neuromuscular blockade, to identify a change in state which results in conscious awareness. 5. A range of methods has been used for evaluating depth of anaesthesia. 6. The evidence reviewed in this paper suggests that the median frequency in the EEG and the auditory evoked potential appear to be the best techniques for monitoring the graded effects of anaesthetics on the brain. 7. The median frequency, which is 10 Hz in conscious subjects, should be kept below 5 Hz during anaesthesia to ensure that there is no response to verbal command. 8. The auditory evoked potential measures the resulting effects of anaesthetic depression and surgical stimulation which is "depth of anaesthesia". 9. However it is not yet certain whether a particular feature e.g. Nb latency, or a collection of features between 20 and 80 msec gives the most reliable index of conscious awareness.
Gen Pharmacol 1992 Nov
PMID:Evaluation of the actions of general anaesthetics in the human brain. 148 30

1. The only unifying principle of general anaesthesia is that general anaesthetics interact with membrane components and no single cellular mechanism appears to explain their widespread effects in the central nervous system. 2. The gastropod mollusc, Lymnaea stagnalis, provides an excellent model system for studies on general anaesthetics because it has large, uniquely identifiable nerve cells. Several of these cells are interneurones with identified neurotransmitters and monosynaptic connections to other cells. 3. Recent work on Lymnaea neurones suggests that calcium currents are depressed by volatile general anaesthetics applied in the clinical range, whilst evidence from other preparations indicates that there is a rise in intracellular calcium concentration following application of these substances. 4. Identified Lymnaea neurones have different responses to applied anaesthetics, irrespective of the anaesthetic used. Following application of halothane, barbiturates and several other anaesthetic agents, some cells gradually become quiescent after a short period, whilst in others a series of paroxysmal depolarizing shifts occur prior to quiescence. 5. Cultured neurones of Lymnaea, Helisoma and related species retain their characteristic action potential types and neurotransmitter identity. Their responses to anaesthetics are similar to those in the intact brain. They may also form synapses in culture. Thus, they are a useful tool for studying the cellular and subcellular actions of general anaesthetics.
Gen Pharmacol 1992 Nov
PMID:Differential effects of general anaesthetics on identified molluscan neurones in situ and in culture. 148 34


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