Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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 130,125 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Nocturnal sleep was recorded from ten unrestrained, group-living Macaca nemestrina (pigtail) monkey infants, using implantable multichannel biotelemetry systems, during the agitation-depression behavioral reaction that follows maternal separation. Sleep disturbances during the four nights of separation were characterized by decreases in rapid eye movement (REM) time and in the number of REM periods, and increases in REM latency. Time awake and number of arousals were increased. Slow-wave sleep was not significantly affected. Sleep pattern changes were most pronounced the first separation night, and tended to decrease as separation continued, whereas behavioral measures of depression tended to increase as separation continued (up to four days). Sleep patterns returned to normal following reunion with the mother. Those infants who had the most severe sleep disturbances the first separation night (more time awake, less total sleep, less REM) also tended to become most depressed behaviorally later in the separation period.
Arch Gen Psychiatry 1978 Oct
PMID:Nocturnal sleep in separated monkey infants. 21 85

The 24-hour urinary 3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenylethyleneglycol (MHPG) output was used as the basis for selection of tricyclic antidepressant drug therapy for the depressed patient population treated by one psychiatrist over a period of ten months in a psychiatric clinic. Use of MHPG output level as the criterion for drug selection resulted in significantly better clinical results than had been obtained previously by the same psychiatrist using more traditional selection methods on a similar depressed patient population. A correlation was noted between patients' pretreatment MHPG output levels and three symptoms of depression (guilt, agitation, and diurnal variation) as measured on the Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression.
Arch Gen Psychiatry 1979 Sep
PMID:Urinary MHPG levels and tricyclic antidepressant drug selection. A preliminary communication on improved drug selection in clinical practice. 47 44

Synthetic salmon calcitonin was administered subcutaneously to 12 inpatients with several primary psychotic diagnoses. Increases in serum total calcium and inorganic phosphorus levels and decreases in CSF calcium level had earlier been observed during periodic psychotic agitation or mania. By contrast, calcitonin, which decreased serum calcium and phosphorus levels and increased CSF calcium level, appeared to produce transient (24-hour) increases in depression and decreases in arousal in this double-blind placebo-controlled trial. Quantitative activity monitoring confirmed the rater's impression that this agent had tranquilizing or depressant effects in such patients. When given in the evening, this polypeptide also appeared to delay sleep onset, as demonstrated both by nurses' 30-minute sleep checks and by the same longitudinal activity record. A decreased hypocalcemic response to calcitonin was noted in the agitated patients, which might explain the increases in serum calcium level described at the "switch".
Arch Gen Psychiatry 1979 Jan
PMID:Use of calcitonin in psychotic agitation or mania. 76 Jun 98

Admission thyroid function tests were reviewed in 115 euthyroid patients with depression (66), depression and alcohol abuse (30), or alcohol abuse (19). Estimated free thyroxine (EFT) levels ranged from 0.7 to 2.7 ng/100 ml (normal, 1.0 to 2.1). Levels above 2.1 ng/100 ml were associated with agitation and values under 1.1 with alcohol abuse. Mean EFT levels differed significantly among six diagnostic subgroups and paralleled rank order for severity of depression (none, secondary, reactive, single uncategorized, recurrent, psychotic). Alcohol abuse negatively affected EFT: there was a significant decrease of mean EFT level from nonabusers to abusers and, further, to intoxicated abusers. A positive association between EFT level and severity of depression, and a negative one with alcohol use, were significant when other variables considered were controlled. These two factors accounted from 28.2% of variability in EFT levels, with a minimal additional contribution of medication effect.
Arch Gen Psychiatry 1977 Aug
PMID:Thyroid function in depression and alcohol abuse: a retrospective study. 88 24

Interferon derived from human fibroblasts is readily inactivated during agitation and filtration. This inactivation has been shown to be largely a product of mechanical stress, and has been studied in detail by subjecting interferon to controlled shear stress using a rotational viscometer. The possible mechanism of this phenomenon is discussed.
J Gen Virol 1977 Aug
PMID:The mechanism of the inactivation of human fibroblast interferon by mechanical stress. 89 66

We reviewed the use of physostigmine in the diagnosis and management of acute toxic psychosis due to drugs with anticholinergic properties. The syndrome of agitation and toxic confusional psychosis associated with peripheral signs of cholinergic blockade is produced by several plant toxins, antispasmodics, ophthalmic preparations, and certain proprietary sedatives, as well as antiparkinson medications, antidepressants, and some antipsychotic drugs. Physostigmine, uniquely among the available reversible anticholinesterase agents, can pass the blood-brain barrier to exert central as well as peripheral cholinomimetic actions to reverse this syndrome. Psychiatrists should make more use of this safe, specific, rapid, and effective treatment for anticholinergic drug toxicity, and should particularly be alert to reversible anticholinergic brain syndromes associated with antidepressants and antiparkinson medications, and even with antipsychotic medications.
Arch Gen Psychiatry 1975 Mar
PMID:Physostigmine. Its use in acute anticholinergic syndrome with antidepressant and antiparkinson drugs. 111 77

Some wild isolates of Neurospora show microcycle conidiation in liquid culture under continuous agitation. Macroconidia from agar-grown mycelial cultures germinated in liquid and the germlings spontaneously produced conidia with no intervening mycelial phase. Three types of microcycle conidiation were seen among progeny of N. crassa Vickramam A x N. crassa a wild-type: (1) multinucleate blastoconidia produced by apical budding and septation, (2) multinucleate arthroconidia produced by holothallic septation and disarticulation of cells, and (3) uninucleate microconidia produced directly from conidiogenous cells of the germlings. Two genes were identified which control specific patterns of microcycle conidiogenesis. A single gene mcb in linkage group VR near al-3 (3.2% recombination) controls blastoconidiation. This gene is epistatic to gene mcm located in linkage group IIL, very near ro-7 (1.4%). mcm controls both microconidiation and arthroconidiation depending on temperature. Strains of genotype mcm produce microconidia almost exclusively at 18-22 degrees C, but arthroconidia with few or no microconidia at 30 degrees C. Because they result in rapid and synchronized conidiation in liquid culture, the two genes should be useful for studies of developmental gene regulation. mcm makes it possible to obtain large quantities of pure microconidia rapidly for experimentation.
J Gen Microbiol 1991 Sep
PMID:Microcycle conidiation and its genetic basis in Neurospora crassa. 183 24

Smokers (n = 315) who wished to quit were randomly assigned in a double-blind manner to groups using either nicotine or placebo gum. Self-reported and observed symptoms of tobacco withdrawal were collected before cessation and at follow-ups of 1 to 2 weeks, 1 month, and 6 months. Self-reported and/or observed anger, anxiety, craving, difficulty concentrating, hunger, impatience, and restlessness were the most prominent symptoms of tobacco withdrawal. These symptoms had returned to precessation levels by 1 month except increased weight, hunger, and craving continued for 6 months in many smokers. Nicotine gum decreased most symptoms, including craving and hunger but not weight. Abstinent smokers with more intense withdrawal were not more likely to relapse. Abstinent smokers who gained more weight were less likely to relapse.
Arch Gen Psychiatry 1991 Jan
PMID:Symptoms of tobacco withdrawal. A replication and extension. 198 62

To examine further the serotoninergic system in obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), the plasma concentrations of cortisol and prolactin and the behavioral responses after oral administration of MK-212 (6-chloro-2-[1-piperazinyl]-pyrazine), a serotonin agonist, and placebo were studied in 17 patients with OCD and nine normal controls. The two groups did not differ significantly in basal plasma prolactin or cortisol levels. Nevertheless, both the prolactin and cortisol response to oral administration of MK-212 (20 mg) were significantly blunted in the patients with OCD compared with those of the normal controls. MK-212 did not affect the intensity of OCD symptoms. However, MK-212, as compared with placebo, produced slight but statistically significant increases in self-ratings of nausea, dizziness, anxiety, feeling strange, and mixed feelings of calmness and restlessness, as well as depression and feeling high. These behavioral ratings were not significantly different in patients and normal controls. These findings are consistent with previous reports of diminished serotoninergic responsivity in OCD and raise the possibility of subsensitivity of at least some serotonin receptors in this disorder.
Arch Gen Psychiatry 1990 Sep
PMID:Prolactin and cortisol responses to MK-212, a serotonin agonist, in obsessive-compulsive disorder. 220 27

We studied 99 hospitalized depressed, 14 manic, and 61 healthy control subjects and evaluated relationships during a drug-free baseline period between behavioral measures (postulated to be associated with brain norepinephrine, dopamine, and serotonin function) and metabolites of these neurotransmitters sampled from lumbar cerebrospinal fluid (CSF): 3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenylglycol (MHPG), homovanillic acid, and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid. Depressed subjects with increased anxiety, agitation, somatization, and sleep disturbance were found to have significantly elevated concentrations of CSF MHPG; this relationship was not found in the healthy controls. A correlation between CSF MHPG level and an anxiety/agitation dimension measured in all subjects was statistically significant but explained a modest portion of the total variance. No consistent relationships were found between CSF MHPG and depression/retardation, hostility/interpersonal sensitivity, and global severity, nor did any of these measures correlate significantly with the levels of the other monoamine metabolites, although some trends were found. Other factors did not account for the relationships between CSF MHPG and some behavioral measures, including diagnostic subgroup, motor movement, age, sex, and premenopausal or postmenopausal status in women. Suggested relationships among drug treatment modality, eventual treatment outcome, behavioral and mood state at baseline, and these metabolite levels will require further analyses.
Arch Gen Psychiatry 1986 Oct
PMID:Cerebrospinal fluid amine metabolites. Relationships with behavioral measurements in depressed, manic, and healthy control subjects. 242 28


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