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Infection of BGM cells with the Halle isolate of subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE) gave rise to a persistent infection (BGM/Halle), whereas infection of another African green monkey kidney cell line (Vero) under identical conditions led to a lytic infection. The BGM/Halle cells multiplied more slowly than the non-infected cells (even when the medium was changed daily). Under such conditions 10(7) to 10(8) p.f.u./ml/24 h of measles virus was released into the medium. It was established that the persistent infection was not due to the accumulation of thermosensitive mutants and that the virus was not modified as measured by several biological parameters. The virus released from BGM/Halle cells had, however, acquired an ability to give rise to a persistent infection in Vero cells. The quantity of virus released from persistently infected Vero cells was very low (10(2) to 10(3) p.f.u./ml). It was concluded that a host-cell factor plays a role in the restriction of virus replication.
J Gen Virol 1978 Apr
PMID:Establishment and characterization of a subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (measles) virus persistent infection in BGM cells. 64 29

Infection of glucose, sulphur or nitrogen starved cells with MS2 virus results in the production of progeny virus but the absence of cell lysis and the failure of progeny virus release. Addition of glucose of sulphur to the correspondingly starved cells results in the normal release of virus within 40 to 60 min. Return of nitrogen to nitrogen-starved cells, however, does not result in the release of virus, even after 1 1/2 h. In experiments with uninfected, starved cells it was found that glucose or sulphur starved cells begin dividing within 45 min after the limiting compound is returned. In contrast, nitrogen-starved cultures have not begun to divide 1 1/2 after the return of nitrogen. The correlation between the time it takes for starved, infected cultures to resume lysis after the return of the limiting compound and the time similarly starved, but infected, cells normally begin division after addition of the limiting compound supports the hypothesis that lysis by RNA phage is related to cell division and may result at the time of cell division from failure of the cells to divide properly.
J Gen Virol 1976 Jun
PMID:The effect of host-cell starvation on virus-induced lysis by MS2 bacteriophage. 77 38

Infection of E. coli with the viruses T7 or T3 leads to a dramatic efflux of potassium ions. This ion efflux is caused by the virus particle since no concomitant protein synthesis is required. T7 mutants carrying deletions in the M-gene (Schweiger et al., 1975), however, yield virus particles disturbed in the ion release.
Mol Gen Genet 1976 Dec 08
PMID:E. coli membranes become permeable to ions following T7-virus-infection. 79 75

Four temperature sensitive mutants of adenovirus type 12, classified into complementation group D, synthesize most or all of the late virus-specific polypeptides at the restrictive temperature, as shown by sodium dodecyl sulphate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Infections by these mutants under restrictive conditions apparently result in some over production of the virion hexon polypeptide compared to wild type infection. Genetic recombination between the four mutants has been demonstrated. A partial linear genetic map of the D cistron is presented.
J Gen Virol 1976 Jan
PMID:Temperature-sensitive mutants of type 12 adenovirus defective in a late function: protein synthesis and evidence for recombination between mutants in complementation group D. 124 44

Bovine viral diarrhoea virus (BVDV) belongs to the pestivirus group, a genus within the Flaviviridae family. It possesses a positive-sense ssRNA genome with a single large open reading frame (ORF) encoding about 4000 amino acids. Here we report the continuation of our studies of pestivirus protein biogenesis, involving expression from the viral non-structural protein-encoding region. The 3'-terminal 60% of the BVDV ORF was cloned into a plasmid transfer vector which was then used to construct a recombinant baculovirus. Infection of Spodoptera frugiperda Sf9 cells with this recombinant virus resulted in the production of the expected mature viral proteins. Polyprotein processing by the BVDV p80 proteinase appeared to be nearly identical to that observed in authentic BVDV-infected bovine cells, and as previously shown to occur when expression of the same region was studied in a mammalian cell transient expression system. However, one viral proteolytic cleavage did not occur in the baculovirus-infected insect cells; the viral p80 proteinase failed to act at its own N terminus. This recombinant baculovirus/insect cell expression system provides an abundant source of BVDV non-structural proteins. Therefore we explored the utility of the proteins produced in this system for the detection of anti-BVDV antibodies in bovine sera. In preliminary experiments using these antigens in an ELISA we found a positive correlation between the presence of ELISA-reactive antibody and virus-neutralizing activity.
J Gen Virol 1992 Jul
PMID:Baculovirus expression of pestivirus non-structural proteins. 132 Dec 20

The inability to culture human parvovirus B19 in standard cell lines has rendered investigation of clinical samples for the presence of infectious virus problematic. Using haematopoietic precursors derived from first trimester foetal liver as targets for infection, and non-isotopic in situ hybridization to detect intracellular viral DNA, we have assessed infectivity in stored serum samples taken from nine volunteers at different stages following intranasal inoculation with parvovirus B19. Infectious virus was detected as early as 3 days after inoculation, the cessation of infectivity correlating with the rise in specific IgM. In all but two samples, infectivity correlated with the detection of B19 DNA by dot-blot hybridization, although in vitro culture was 10-fold more sensitive than dot-blot hybridization. B19 DNA was detected by the polymerase chain reaction in serum from one volunteer up to 36 days after inoculation, although samples containing specific antibody were non-infectious. Infection of erythroid precursors was completely inhibited by preincubation of virus with serum containing high titre B19-specific IgM and IgG. Unexpectedly, this was associated with a strong B19 DNA hybridization signal within the cytoplasm of phagocytic macrophages. This culture and detection system is a rapid and sensitive means of detecting infectious virus in serum samples, and of assessing the neutralizing ability of B19-specific antibodies.
J Gen Virol 1992 Dec
PMID:In vitro culture for the detection of infectious human parvovirus B19 and B19-specific antibodies using foetal haematopoietic precursor cells. 146 69

We investigated the possible involvement of oxidative mechanisms in the pathogenesis of influenza A/PR8/34 virus infection in mice. As a biochemical marker of oxidative stress, we determined the endogenous concentrations of the antioxidants glutathione and vitamins C and E in their reduced and oxidized forms in the lungs, liver and blood plasma of control and infected animals. Following intranasal infection with 8 to 10 LD50, influenza virus was detected in the lungs, but not in the plasma, liver or other organs. Infection resulted in a decrease in the total concentration of glutathione and vitamins C and E, whereas no relevant change in the ratio of oxidized to total concentration of antioxidants was observed. Changes in the concentration of hepatic antioxidants were significant in the early stages of the infection. The results suggest that hepatic alterations may be caused indirectly by mechanisms related to the host response to virus infection. The observed general decrease in the antioxidant buffering capacity may reduce the ability of tissues to protect against potential oxidative stress. Such stress can occur during bacterial superinfections, which are common in influenza, thereby rendering the host more susceptible to the pathogenic effects of such agents. In addition, reactive oxygen species produced in the lung may inactivate protease inhibitors, resulting in increased protease activity. Using an in vitro system consisting of alpha 1-antiprotease, trypsin and HOCl as the oxidant, we have shown that the infectivity of influenza viruses can be increased up to 10,000-fold by proteolytic cleavage of haemagglutinin, leading to activation of the fusogenic properties of this protein.
J Gen Virol 1992 Jan
PMID:Alterations in antioxidant defences in lung and liver of mice infected with influenza A virus. 153 Sep 63

The infectious genome of a Kenyan isolate of Panicum streak virus (PSV) has been cloned and sequenced. Infection of host plants was done using an Agrobacterium binary vector containing a partial repeat of the genome. Progeny virus from resultant infections proved to be transmissible by the leafhopper Cicadulina mbila (Naude). Comparisons of the amino acid sequences of PSV DNA-encoded proteins with those of previously characterized geminiviruses infecting monocotyledonous plants, including maize streak virus, revealed high levels of identity. The evolutionary relationship between PSV and other geminiviruses infecting monocotyledons is discussed.
J Gen Virol 1992 May
PMID:The nucleotide sequence of an infectious insect-transmissible clone of the geminivirus Panicum streak virus. 158 14

We inoculated the leaves of turnip plants (Brassica campestris spp. rapa cv. Just Right) with two cauliflower mosaic viruses (CaMVs) with different small mutations in a dispensable region of the viral genome, and followed the spread of the virus infection through the plant. Surprisingly, analysis of viral DNA in single primary chlorotic lesions revealed the presence of both mutants. In contrast, the secondary chlorotic lesions and systemically infected leaves contained virus molecules of either one or the other type only. Infection of plants with different ratios of the two reporter viruses showed that this ratio is not conserved during systemic virus spread. Infection with CaMV DNA in the form of heteroduplexes containing a single mismatched base pair, in which each strand carried a distinct diagnostic marker, provided us with evidence that the mismatch was subjected to a repair process in the host plant.
J Gen Virol 1992 Jun
PMID:The mode of cauliflower mosaic virus propagation in the plant allows rapid amplification of viable mutant strains. 160 62

Bacteriophage c6A is a lytic phage that infects strains of Lactococcus lactis. Infection of L. lactis strain C6 resulted in inhibition of culture growth within 10 min, mature intracellular phage particles appeared after 17.5 min, and cell lysis occurred after 25 min. A culture of strain C6 carrying 3H-labelled DNA was infected with c6A, and the fate of the radiolabel was monitored. The results showed that degradation of host cell DNA began within 6 min of infection and that the breakdown products were incorporated into progeny c6A DNA. Quantitative DNA hybridizations indicated that synthesis of phage DNA began within 6 min of infection and continued at an approximately constant rate throughout the latent period.
J Gen Microbiol 1992 May
PMID:Phage DNA synthesis and host DNA degradation in the life cycle of Lactococcus lactis bacteriophage c6A. 164 31


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