Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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 130,125 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) raised against a 15-mer peptide representing the centre of the principal neutralization domain of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (strain BH10) showed wide variations in neutralizing activity against the homologous strain. The nature of this difference in neutralizing activity was studied by measuring antibody concentration, their affinity for peptide and specificity, by reaction with peptides which differed in the extent of sequence overlap, length and the presence of single amino acid replacements. All MAbs bound to approximately the same region in the principal neutralization domain, within the sequence RIQRGPGRAFV. The peptides with which each antibody was able to react differed by only a few amino acids. The neutralizing activity of each MAb preparation was related to its affinity and concentration; the affinity is related in part to the fine structure of the epitope recognized. MAbs with high affinity for the peptide tended to react only with peptides in which amino acid replacements did not affect the beta-turn potential of the peptide, whereas the reactivity of MABs with low affinity was relatively insensitive to amino acid replacements affecting the beta-turn potential.
J Gen Virol 1991 Oct
PMID:Neutralizing activity of anti-peptide antibodies against the principal neutralization domain of human immunodeficiency virus type 1. 191 29

We have reported previously the enhancement of the infectivity of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) by liposomes composed of the cationic lipid N-[2,3-(dioleyloxy) propyl]-N,N,N-trimethylammonium chloride (DOTMA). To determine the mechanism by which this process occurs, we have investigated the role of CD4, serum concentration and liposome-cell interactions in the DOTMA-mediated stimulation of HIV-1 infection of A3.01 cells. Serum alone significantly inhibited the binding and infectivity of HIV-1, but DOTMA-mediated enhancement of infectivity was more pronounced in the presence of serum than in its absence. HIV-1 binding to cells was increased in the presence of DOTMA liposomes, DEAE-dextran and polybrene, all of which also enhanced infectivity to a similar extent at comparable concentrations. Fluorescence dequenching measurements indicated that DOTMA liposomes fused with HIV-1, but not with cell membranes, in the presence of serum. The enhancing effect of DOTMA liposomes on HIV-1 infectivity was CD4-dependent, and appeared to involve virus-liposome fusion and liposome binding to the cell surface. DOTMA liposomes did not mediate infection of the CD4-K562 and Raji cell lines.
J Gen Virol 1991 Nov
PMID:Enhancement of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection by cationic liposomes: the role of CD4, serum and liposome-cell interactions. 194 Aug 66

An antiviral effect of prostaglandins (PGs) of the A series on the replication of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) has been determined. In the T cell line C8166 under single growth cycle conditions, PGA1 reduced the number of infectious progeny 1000-fold in the absence of cytotoxicity. Thus, inhibition of HIV replication by PGA1 represents a true antiviral phenomenon. The number and size of virus-induced syncytia, and the amount of viral antigen were also drastically reduced. The effect was specific for PGAs because PGA2 was also inhibitory, whereas PGB1, PGE1 and PGE2 were inactive. Virus adsorption and penetration do not appear to be targets of antiviral action because PGA1 substantially reduced virus replication, even when added 5 h post-infection. PGA1 did not inhibit viral reverse transcriptase, as determined by in vitro assays, suggesting that its antiviral action is not the consequence of a direct inhibitory effect on this enzyme. PGA1 also inhibited the replication of HIV-1 in CEM x 174 cells, but with less potency. Previously, intravenous infusion of PGA1 into human volunteers has shown no significant deleterious side-effects and thus these observations suggest that PGAs might have potential as antiviral agents in humans.
J Gen Virol 1991 Nov
PMID:Prostaglandin A inhibits replication of human immunodeficiency virus during acute infection. 194 Aug 69

The nef gene product of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is suggested to be a negative factor involved in down-regulating viral expression by a mechanism in which the correct conformation of the nef protein is essential. The nef protein expressed by vaccinia virus recombinants is phosphorylated by protein kinase C. We investigated the synthesis of the nef protein and its state of phosphorylation during HIV-1 infection of a T4 cell line (CEM cells). Maximum synthesis of viral proteins occurred 3 days after infection, when more than 90% of cells were producing viral proteins. The synthesis of the nef protein was detected in parallel with the env and gag proteins. As expected, the nef protein was myristylated but not phosphorylated, and its half-life was less than 1 h. By the use of the polymerase chain reaction technique, we isolated and sequenced the nef gene of this HIV-1 stock. Two significant mutations were observed. Firstly, threonine, at amino acid number 15, the site of phosphorylation by protein kinase C, was mutated into an alanine, and secondly aspartic acid of the tetrapeptide WRFD, which is probably involved in GTP binding, was mutated into an asparagine. The mutated nef gene was expressed in a vaccinia virus system, in which it was not phosphorylated and its half-life was dramatically reduced compared to the wild-type nef gene product. Furthermore, down-regulation of CD4 cell surface expression was no longer affected by the mutated nef gene. These results emphasize that phosphorylation of the nef protein provides an efficient test to monitor its biological activity.
J Gen Virol 1990 Oct
PMID:Production of a non-functional nef protein in human immunodeficiency virus type 1-infected CEM cells. 197 71

To examine the effectiveness of three psychoeducational interventions in reducing emotional distress after voluntary serologic testing for human immunodeficiency virus-1,307 physically asymptomatic adults were randomly assigned to standard counseling, counseling plus a three-session interactive video program, or counseling plus six individual sessions of stress prevention training. Subjects were evaluated using five standardized distress measures at entry and 3 months later. Among the 204 human immunodeficiency virus-seronegative subjects, mean distress measures decreased significantly after all three interventions without differential treatment effects. Among the 103 human immunodeficiency virus-seropositive subjects, mean distress measures decreased significantly after the stress prevention training and did not significantly increase in the other two interventions. We conclude that stress prevention training is particularly helpful after notification of human immunodeficiency virus seropositivity.
Arch Gen Psychiatry 1991 Feb
PMID:Effectiveness of psychoeducational interventions in reducing emotional distress after human immunodeficiency virus antibody testing. 198 70

A computer search revealed 10 proteins with homology to the sequence we originally identified in vimentin as the site of cleavage by human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) protease. Of these 10 proteins (actin, alpha-actinin, spectrin, tropomyosins, vinculin, dystrophin, MAP-2, villin, TRK-1 and Ig mu-chain), we show that 4 of the first 5 were cleaved in vitro by this protease, as are MAP-1 and -2 [(1990) J. Gen. Virol. 71, 1985-1991]. In these proteins, cleavage is not restricted to a single motif, but occurs at many sites. However, cleavage is not random, since 9 other proteins including the cytoskeletal proteins filamin and band 4.1 are not cleaved in the in vitro assay. Thus, the ability of HIV-1 protease to cleave specific components of the cytoskeleton may be an important, although as yet unevaluated aspect of the life cycle of this retrovirus and/or may directly contribute to the pathogenesis observed during infection.
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PMID:Non-viral cellular substrates for human immunodeficiency virus type 1 protease. 199 13

In a sample of 55 human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-seropositive pregnant patients, a history of drug abuse was significantly associated with increased psychopathology, particularly depression and personality disorders. Psychiatric disorders preceded the HIV diagnosis in most of the patients studied. Intravenous drug abuse was also associated with increased prostitution, incarceration, and previous suicide attempts. Psychiatric findings were influenced much less by the HIV diagnosis and much more by the presence or absence of a history of drug abuse.
Gen Hosp Psychiatry 1991 Jan
PMID:Drug abuse and psychiatric findings in HIV-seropositive pregnant patients. 199 19

We report the complete nucleotide sequence of a human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (HIV-2) isolate from Guinea-Bissau (HIV-2CAM2). The genomic organization of HIV-2CAM2 is identical to that of other HIV-2 isolates but contains a stop codon in the pol gene. The deduced amino acid sequences of the viral proteins show variation of 20% in the gag, pol and vpx regions, and 25 to 45% in the tat, env and nef regions when compared to other isolates of HIV-2. This is greater than the variation observed between isolates of HIV-1.
J Gen Virol 1991 Mar
PMID:Nucleotide sequence of a Guinea-Bissau-derived human immunodeficiency virus type 2 proviral clone (HIV-2CAM2). 200 37

Intravenous drug users (IVDUs) are increasingly encountered in the medical arena, on both an inpatient and an outpatient basis, in large part because of complications related to the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Clinicians must work to overcome long-standing antipathy towards this population in order to provide appropriate care, as well as to develop an understanding of the process of addiction and of the addict as a patient. The use of relationship skills, limit setting, and contingency contracting and an ability to choose and gain access to appropriate and/or available chemical dependency treatment options are important in the care of these patients. Finally, an adequate biomedical knowledge base of the medical complications of IVDUs, as well as the care of drug-related complications and withdrawal and overdose syndromes, is necessary to provide optimal care. In addition, the IVDU may have certain features of HIV-related disease that differ from those of other groups, and the clinician must be familiar with these features. Provision of such care is within the scope of the primary care clinician and can improve patient retention in treatment and the outcomes of such treatment, as well as both patient and clinician satisfaction.
J Gen Intern Med
PMID:HIV disease in the intravenous drug user: role of the primary care physician. 200 76

Nearly one million Americans are infected with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). With the advent of increasingly effective therapy, including intervention early in the course of infection, there will be a growing need for physicians technically and attitudinally prepared to provide primary care for HIV-infected individuals. For any disease, however, determination of which physicians provide the bulk of care depends on several factors, including the prevalence and chronicity of the disease, the complexity, rate of change, and toxicity of therapy, and the socioeconomic characteristics of patients with the disease. General internists will clearly constitute a large part of the pool of practitioners caring for HIV-infected patients, especially in the earlier stages of infection. It seems reasonable to expect every general internist to be competent in four aspects of HIV care: counseling about transmission and prevention; the proper administration and interpretation of diagnostic tests; monitoring and care of patients in early stages of infection; and recognition of complications of advanced infection for proper management or referral. Academically based generalists will have a major role in research, teaching, and patient care in the AIDS epidemic. The organization and delivery of primary and specialty care for HIV-infected people in future years will continue to evolve with changes in therapy and in the demography of the epidemic.
J Gen Intern Med
PMID:Primary care and HIV disease. 200 79


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