Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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 130,125 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Subunit approaches to vaccines against viral diseases have resulted in the development of a number of methods for presentation of defined epitopes to the immune system. We have exploited a highly immunogenic presentation system based on hepatitis B core antigen (HBcAg) particles to produce a number of candidate vaccines against simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV). Recombinant particles have been produced in bacteria which carry multiple copies of defined or predicted neutralizing epitopes of SIV at a number of different sites within the particle. In parallel, a number of synthetic peptide-based SIV vaccines have been produced based on homology to reported neutralizing epitopes in human immunodeficiency virus. Although potent immune responses were elicited against both particulate and peptide forms of the antigen, neutralizing antibodies were not induced as judged by available assays.
J Gen Virol 1992 Oct
PMID:Stimulation of specific immune responses to simian immunodeficiency virus using chimeric hepatitis B core antigen particles. 140 1

Responsibility for many of the problems of intravenous drug abuse and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection lies with community care agencies, such as general practitioners, community psychiatric and district nurses and drug agencies. It is in general practice that this burden is most clearly observed, given that general practitioners are in charge of the day-to-day care of patients. In an attempt to quantify this workload in an inner city practice with 11,200 patients, data were gathered from several sources relating to drug use and HIV infection. The study identified 432 patients who had consulted with problems of drug abuse and/or HIV infection over the period 1981-90. Among this group of patients 161 (37%) were HIV antibody positive. Among 191 drug abusers who were still registered with the practice in 1990 dihydrocodeine was the most commonly prescribed substitute treatment (130 patients) and only nine patients were prescribed methadone. Forty seven per cent of drug users continued to inject drugs occasionally. However, analysis of urine samples revealed that there was a shift away from injecting mainly heroin to multiple drug use, including benzodiazepines, usually originating from prescribed sources. Drug abusers who were HIV positive consulted their general practitioner significantly more often over one year than those who were not (mean 24.9 versus 15.8 consultations, P < 0.01). However, there was no significant difference between these two groups in terms of days spent in hospital. A total of 61 patients were referred to a community psychiatric nurse over an eight month period.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Br J Gen Pract 1992 Jun
PMID:Problems of drug abuse, HIV and AIDS: the burden of care in one general practice. 129 50

We determined the susceptibility of monocytic cell lines to infection with viral strains derived from two infectious clones of simian immunodeficiency virus isolated from a mandrill. One of the strains, which replicates poorly in T cell lines, was found to grow more rapidly than the other in these cells. The viral determinant for this property was genetically mapped within the env gene encoding a surface protein. Six amino acid substitutions identified appeared to be located outside of the domains corresponding to human immunodeficiency virus type 1 env functional domains such as the CD4-binding and V3 loop regions.
J Gen Virol 1992 Nov
PMID:Sequences responsible for efficient replication of simian immunodeficiency virus SIVMND in cells of the monocyte/macrophage lineage. 143 13

On the basis of published sequence data the preS1 attachment region of hepatitis B virus (HBV) appears to be highly variable. Using a novel method for rapid DNA sequencing by the polymerase chain reaction we screened 34 HBV DNA-positive sera for mutations in a variable part of the preS1 region of the HBV genome. The sequence data were used to analyse potential chains of infection, and strongly supported the expected routes of HBV transmission among patient groups. Furthermore, sequence comparisons permitted sub-genotyping of the viruses. In the 22 cases of subtype adw, we found a very low number of point mutations. This shows that the attachment site of HBV is more highly conserved than that of other blood-transmissible viruses such as human immunodeficiency virus or hepatitis C virus.
J Gen Virol 1992 Nov
PMID:Genomic variability in the preS1 region and determination of routes of transmission of hepatitis B virus. 143 14

The human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) gag gene product Pr55 self-assembles to form virus-like particles when expressed in Spodoptera frugiperda cells using recombinant baculoviruses. The particles resemble immature HIV and are released from the infected cell into the culture medium. Using this system we have progressively truncated the gag open reading frame from the C terminus and examined each deleted gag protein for its particle-producing capability. We show that deletion of Pr6 and deletions that progressively remove the distal region of the Pr7 domain, including one Cys-His box thought to function as an RNA capture signal, do not affect particle formation. However deletion of two Cys-His boxes causes production of slightly larger particles with altered sedimentation properties. Sequence-specific North-Western assays using an RNA probe representative of the HIV-1 packaging signal revealed specific RNA binding by all mutants that maintained both Cys-His boxes. However, deletion of one Cys-His box reduced RNA binding substantially and loss of two Cys-His boxes abolished binding entirely. We conclude that HIV-1 gag particle formation per se does not require viral RNA encapsidation, but that it may act as a cofactor in the condensation of the immature core. Further deletion of gag sequences upstream of the Cys-His boxes led to the abolition of particle-forming ability, and we show that one boundary of the gag sequence necessary for particle formation lies within eight amino acids spanning one of the known protease cleavage sites at the C terminus of Pr24.
J Gen Virol 1992 Dec
PMID:Distinct signals in human immunodeficiency virus type 1 Pr55 necessary for RNA binding and particle formation. 146 49

We have used the human myelomonocytic cell line HL-60 as a model system to determine whether human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection affects differentiation of myeloid progenitor cells. HL-60 cells were infected with three HIV-1 isolates (IIIB, NL4-3 and PM213). HIV-1 antigen expression and cytopathicity in HL-60 cells infected with each of the three isolates was delayed by approximately 15 days as compared to those in the prototypic T cell line, H9. Chronically infected HL-60 cells and clonal lines derived from them were treated with dimethyl formamide (DMF) and induced to differentiate into granulocytes. Approximately the same percentage of these cells as of DMF-treated, uninfected HL-60 cells differentiated. Superoxide production by infected and uninfected DMF-induced cells was similar. Likewise, approximately the same percentage of cells in infected and uninfected cultures became adherent and were positive for non-specific esterase when monocytic differentiation was induced. The data demonstrate that HL-60 cells infected with HIV-1 are capable of morphological and functional granulocytic and monocytic differentiation.
J Gen Virol 1992 Dec
PMID:Human immunodeficiency virus type 1-infected HL-60 cells are capable of both monocytic and granulocytic differentiation. 146 65

The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) has had a fundamental impact on quality of life, delivery of care, and directions of research efforts for the hemophilia community. Studies of psychosocial issues in hemophilia before and after the HIV crisis are reviewed. Before this crisis, research addressed personality factors and coping, family functioning, impact of psychological factors on bleeding, effects of home treatment, and school functioning. After HIV problems surfaced, research focused on psychosocial impact of the epidemic, HIV knowledge assessments, and HIV transmission prevention efforts. HIV-positive children with hemophilia have not received sufficient attention. Future directions for research are suggested.
Gen Hosp Psychiatry 1992 Nov
PMID:Psychosocial issues in hemophilia before and after the HIV crisis: a review of current research. 147 9

In a study of 263 homosexual men positive for the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), it was found that 87% were registered with a general practitioner and of these, 55% said that the general practitioner knew their HIV status. Of the 104 men who had experienced symptoms, 39% had consulted the general practitioner for HIV-related advice. A total of 49% of those who were not registered used a specialist outpatient clinic for all their medical needs. Of those who were registered and whose general practitioner was aware of their HIV status but who did not consult their doctor, 72% used a specialist outpatient clinic. Reasons for not consulting the general practitioner included fears of breach of confidentiality and lack of confidence in the general practitioner's understanding of HIV. Fifteen per cent of the sample continued to see a general practitioner who was unaware of their HIV status, for non-HIV related advice. The needs of patients must be taken into account when planning more integrated hospital and community care for those with HIV infection or the acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS).
Br J Gen Pract 1992 Mar
PMID:Attitudes towards and use of general practitioner services among homosexual men with HIV infection or AIDS. 149 26

Three nonradioisotopic polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based detection techniques were evaluated for sensitivity and specificity in detecting human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) proviral DNA in peripheral blood mononuclear cells. The Roche prototype HIV-1 PCR assay, the Du Pont enzyme-linked oligonucleotide sandwich assay (ELOSA), and the Gen-Probe hybridization protection assay (HPA) were compared with a standard radioisotopic oligonucleotide solution hybridization (OSH) technique. A panel of 111 well-characterized clinical samples that included peripheral blood mononuclear cells from 48 healthy, low-risk, HIV-1 antibody-negative subjects, 24 antibody-positive subjects with stable CD4 counts of less than 200/mm3, and 39 antibody-positive subjects with stable CD4 counts of greater than 800/mm3 were studied. Each method demonstrated good specificity, ranging between 96 and 100%; those of the OSH and ELOSA (Du Pont) were 100%, those of the HPA (Gen-Probe) were 100% with one probe and 96% with the other probe, and that of the HIV-1 PCR assay (Roche) was 96%. Sensitivities ranged from 96 to 100% for the low-CD4-count group, with the OSH, the HIV-1 PCR assay (Roche), and the HPA (Gen-Probe) all attaining a sensitivity of 100%. For the high-CD4-count group, sensitivities ranged from 69 to 97%, with the OSH attaining a sensitivity of 97% and the HPA attaining sensitivities of 97% with one probe and 95% with the other probe. These data indicate that the nonradioisotopic techniques are sensitive and specific for the detection of HIV-1 proviral DNA in clinical samples.
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PMID:Comparison of three nonradioisotopic polymerase chain reaction-based methods for detection of human immunodeficiency virus type 1. 157 69

To examine relationships between immune and psychosocial variables among adults infected with human immunodeficiency virus type 1, 221 subjects without acquired immunodeficiency syndrome were assessed for degree of depression, anxiety, psychiatric symptoms, social support, stressful life events, hardiness, hopelessness, bereavement, and intrusive and avoidant thoughts about acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. At entry, none of 22 psychosocial variables significantly correlated with lymphocyte subsets. Among subjects seen 6 and 12 months later, severity of physical symptoms was associated with greater emotional distress, but the CD4 cell count was predicted by neither clinical ratings of psychopathology and global functioning nor by standardized self-report measures of constructs used in psychoimmune research. We conclude that among our sample, physical symptoms contributed to emotional distress, but emotional distress did not contribute to the CD4 cell count, a marker of disease progression.
Arch Gen Psychiatry 1992 May
PMID:Relationships over 1 year between lymphocyte subsets and psychosocial variables among adults with infection by human immunodeficiency virus. 790 9


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