Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UNIPROT:Q16637 (SMA)
 8,107 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Basaloid squamous cell carcinoma (BSCC) is a recently recognized high-grade tumor with a propensity for nodal as well as systemic metastasis and can arise from different anatomic locations. The differential diagnosis includes adenoid cystic carcinoma, small cell neuroendocrine carcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma. Monoclonal antibodies reactive with cytokeratin (34betaE12, AE3, pancytokeratin), as well as other cellular antigens (vimentin [VIM]; synaptophysin [SYNF]; chromogranin A [ChA]; neuron-specific enolase [NSE]; S-100, desmin, smooth-muscle actin [SMA]), were used in an immunoperoxidase method with paraffin-embedded tissue to phenotypically characterize a case with features of BSCC arising in the maxillary sinus. Neoplastic cells reacted with the high-molecular-weight cytokeratin antibody 34betaE12, as well as with other antikeratin antibodies, but failed to react with the antibodies VIM, desmin and SMA and showed variable immunoreactivity for NSE, SYNF and S-100. The staining pattern for NSE was diffuse and intense and reactivity for ChA was inconsistent.
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PMID:Basaloid squamous cell carcinoma of the maxilla: a case report and immunohistochemical analysis. 1212 1

Primary culture of prostatic adenocarcinoma is obtained from surgical material after radical prostatectomy. Typing of the obtained culture with antibodies to vimentin and cytokeratins has shown that the proportion of basic cell components--stromal and epithelial--in vitro correlates with such in the initial tumor tissue. In cultivation in different media active migration and proliferation of all cell types in the presence of embryonal serum and suppression of the stromal component in the medium where the serum was replaced for bovine hypophysis extract were observed. A comparative immunohistochemical analysis registered a release into culture of alpha SMA-positive myofibroblasts and active expression of TGF beta-1 in the medium containing serum. Design of dynamic mixed cell systems may serve a convenient model for investigation of stromal-epithelial interactions and their changes in cancer progression.
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PMID:[Primary culture of prostatic adenocarcinoma: a model for studies of stromal-epithelial interactions]. 1253 28

The expression of tenascin, alpha-smooth muscle actin (alpha-SMA), desmin and vimentin was investigated immunohistochemically in the stroma of normal canine stomach, small intestine and colon, and in 30 epithelial tumours of the canine stomach, small intestine or colon. In addition, "co-localization" of tenascin and alpha-SMA was investigated by double immunohistochemistry. Tenascin was absent in the normal gastric mucosa but present in the normal intestine, with a gradual increase in immunolabelling intensity from the cryptal glands to the surface epithelium. Tenascin expression was greater in all adenomas and carcinomas than in normal tissues. Two different patterns of tenascin expression were observed in all carcinomas, irrespective of their site. In well-differentiated tumour regions of both gastric and intestinal tumours, a fibrillary sub-glandular expression was observed; in poorly differentiated tumour regions, however, the expression pattern was diffuse. Incomplete invasion of the muscularis mucosae was accompanied by thickening and increased tenascin expression. In normal stomach and intestines, alpha-SMA and desmin were demonstrated in pericryptal myofibroblasts and smooth muscle cells of the muscle layers. In colonic adenomas and gastric and intestinal carcinomas, alpha-SMA was demonstrated in all stromal cells surrounding tumour cells. In contrast to alpha-SMA labelling, desmin labelling was negative in tumour stromal cells (in both gastric and intestinal tumours), except in tumour regions close to the muscularis mucosae. This suggested that myofibroblasts in gastric and intestinal tumours originated from pre-existing fibroblasts, except in tumour regions close to the muscularis mucosae, where the myofibroblasts seemed to originate from smooth muscle cells of the muscularis mucosae. There was a strong co-localization of tenascin and alpha-SMA-expressing myofibroblasts, suggesting that myofibroblasts are responsible for tenascin secretion.
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PMID:Tenascin expression in relation to stromal tumour cells in canine gastrointestinal epithelial tumours. 1292 19

MECs are distributed on the basal aspect of the intercalated duct and acinus of human and rat salivary glands. However, they do not occur in the acinus of rat parotid glands, and sometimes occur in the striated duct of human salivary glands. MECs, as the name implies, have structural features of both epithelial and smooth muscle cells. They contract by autonomic nervous stimulation, and are thought to assist the secretion by compressing and/or reinforcing the underlying parenchyma. MECs can be best observed by immunocytochemistry. There are three types of immunocytochemical markers of MECs in salivary glands. The first type includes smooth muscle protein markers such as alpha-SMA, SMMHC, h-caldesmon and basic calponin, and these are expressed by MECs and the mesenchymal vasculature. The second type is expressed by MECs and the duct cells and includes keratins 14, 5 and 17, alpha 1 beta 1 integrin, and metallothionein. Vimentin is the third type and, in addition to MECs, is expressed by the mesenchymal cells and some duct cells. The same three types of markers are used for studying the developing gland. Development of MECs starts after the establishment of an extensively branched system of cellular cords each of which terminates as a spherical cell mass, a terminal bud. The pluripotent stem cell generates the acinar progenitor in the terminal bud and the ductal progenitor in the cellular cord. The acinar progenitor differentiates into MECs, acinar cells and intercalated duct cells, whereas the ductal progenitor differentiates into the striated and excretory duct cells. Both in the terminal bud and in the cellular cord, the immediate precursors of all types of the epithelial cells appear to express vimentin. The first identifiable MECs are seen at the periphery of the terminal bud or the immature acinus (the direct progeny of the terminal bud) as somewhat flattened cells with a single cilium projecting toward them. They express vimentin and later alpha-SMA and basic calponin. At the next developmental stage, MECs acquire cytoplasmic microfilaments and plasmalemmal caveolae but not as much as in the mature cell. They express SMMHC and, inconsistently, K14. This protein is consistently expressed in the mature cell. K14 is expressed by duct cells, and vimentin is expressed by both mesenchymal and epithelial cells. After development, the acinar progenitor and the ductal progenitor appear to reside in the acinus/intercalated duct and the larger ducts, respectively, and to contribute to the tissue homeostasis. Under unusual conditions such as massive parenchymal destruction, the acinar progenitor contributes to the maintenance of the larger ducts that result in the occurrence of striated ducts with MECs. The acinar progenitor is the origin of salivary gland tumors containing MECs. MECs in salivary gland tumors are best identified by immunocytochemistry for alpha-SMA. There are significant numbers of cells related to luminal tumor cells in the non-luminal tumor cells that have been believed to be neoplastic MECs.
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PMID:Immunocytochemistry of myoepithelial cells in the salivary glands. 1450 96

In many species, the cartilaginous pubic symphysis of the pregnant female is gradually replaced by a fibrous connective tissue, forming a flexible and elastic interpubic ligament. This newly formed ligament is responsible for the separation of the pubic bones, enabling safe delivery of the young. Following labor, the ligament undergoes rapid involution. To our knowledge, no previous work has focused on the phenotypic modulation that is responsible for the changes present at the interpubic ligament throughout the relaxation and closing of the symphysis. The purpose of this study was to investigate the ultrastructural features and immunophenotype of the peculiar cell type found in the pubic symphysis of cycling, pregnant and postpartum mice. In particular, immunohistochemistry studies were conducted on the expressions of the cytoskeletal proteins desmin, vimentin and alpha-smooth muscle actin (alpha-SMA). During pregnancy, the pubic symphysis cells always expressed alpha-SMA, whereas the expression of vimentin and desmin was transient from early pregnancy to postpartum. Furthermore, the expression patterns of these three cytoskeletal proteins were distinct. Cells present in the medial region of the mouse symphysis in cycling and at D12 displayed ultrastructural features characteristic of a typical fibroblast. In contrast, during the last week of pregnancy and in postpartum these cells acquired ultrastructural features representative of a myofibroblast; for example, a fibronexus and a contractile apparatus were found to be present lying in close contact with the extracellular collagenous and elastic system fibrils. Taken together, these results strongly suggest a contractile function for these cells which might contribute to support of the varying mechanical stresses present during pubic bone movement.
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PMID:Phenotypic modulation of fibroblastic cells in mice pubic symphysis during pregnancy, partum and postpartum. 1460 68

Plexiform schwannoma is a benign peripheral nerve sheath tumor composed exclusively of schwann cells arranged in a plexiform pattern. Most plexiform schwannomas are skin tumors and there has been only one case report of this tumor originating in the colon. We describe herein the first known case of plexiform schwannoma of the small intestine occurring without any relationship to schwannomatosis or neurofibromatosis. A 57-year-old man presented with a short history of abdominal pain, vomiting, and bloody stool after each meal. Jejunography demonstrated multiple nodular tumors in the small intestine. We resected the small intestine laparoscopically. The tumors consisted of multiple white nodules in the submucosal and subserosal layers. Microscopic examination revealed that each tumor was composed mainly of Antony A tissue, compatible with conventional schwannoma. Immunohistochemically, the tumors were positive for S-100, vimentin, and neuron-specific enolase, and negative for HHF35, Alpha-SMA, and c-kit. No evidence of recurrence has been found in 38 months of follow-up.
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PMID:Plexiform schwannoma of the small intestine: report of a case. 1466 89

The present study was undertaken to clarify the histochemical and ultrastructural properties and the three-dimensional distribution of the smooth muscle cells (SMCs) located in the lamina propria (LP) of the human gastric mucosa. Standard paraffin sections obtained from stomachs surgically resected for gastric cancer were immunostained for alpha-smooth muscle actin (alpha-SMA), vimentin, desmin, laminin, and type IV collagen. In addition, 100-microm-thick sections were fluorostained for alpha-SMA and CD34, while three-dimensional images were prepared by confocal laser scanning microscope. Ultrastructural studies were carried out using normal gastric biopsy specimens. The results indicated that SMCs in the LP differed between the upper and lower regions, SMCs in the lower LP being fairly typical SMCs, whereas those in the upper LP had apparently lost reactivity for desmin but gained that for vimentin. The basal lamina became sparser, but a fibronexus was occasionally seen in SMCs in the upper LP. Three-dimensional images revealed bundles of SMCs in the upper LP encircling several foveolae to form acinus-like structures and, in the upper LP, SMCs branching into fine fibrils with a brush-like (corpus) or besom-like (i.e., a twiggy "witch's broom") appearance (antrum).
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PMID:Histochemical, ultrastructural, and three-dimensional observation of smooth muscle cells in human gastric mucosa. 1496 14

We report here a case of leiomyosarcoma in the sacrum with a differential diagnosis of metastasizing leimyoma of uterus, since the patient had a past history of resection of uterine leimyoma 19 years ago. The sacral tumor was an osteolytic lesion, 8x6 cm in size on radiological examination. Microscopically, tumor cells consisted of spindle shaped cells with moderate cellular atypia. The tumor cells invaded into the surrounding muscle tissue. Immunohistochemistry revealed that the tumor cells were positive for alpha-SMA and vimentin, and they were enclosed by type IV collagen, suggesting the presence of the basement membrane. The labeling index of Ki-67 in the tumor cells was 25%. Re-examination of leiomyomas of uterus resected 19 years ago showed that they were typical leiomyomas, showing well-circumscribed tumors, composed of well-differentiated smooth muscle cells without nuclear atypia. The presence of radiological and pathological findings of malignancy of the sacral tumor excluded the possibility of metastasizing leiomyoma, suggesting that the sacral tumor was another primary tumor.
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PMID:Leiomyosarcoma of the sacral bone in a patient with a past history of resection of uterine leiomyoma. 1500 Apr 59

Epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) is a process occurring during embryonic development and cancer progression. Using recepteur d'origine nantais (RON)-expressing epithelial cells as a model, we showed that RON activation causes spindle-shaped morphology with increased cell motilities. These activities resemble those observed in EMT induced by transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta1 or by Ras-Raf signaling. By immunofluorescent and Western blot analyses, we found that constitutive RON expression results in diminished expression of E-cadherin, redistribution of beta-catenin, reorganization of actin cytoskeleton, and increased expression of vimentin, a mesenchymal filament. RON expression is also essential for TGF-beta1-induced expression of alpha-smooth muscle actin (alpha-SMA), a specialized mesenchymal marker. In the study of signaling pathways responsible for RON-mediated EMT, it was found that PD98059, a MAP kinase inhibitor, blocks the collaborative activities of RON and TGF-beta1 in induction of alpha-SMA expression and restores epithelial cells to their original morphology. Moreover, we showed that RON expression increases Smad2 gene promoter activities and protein expression, which significantly lowers TGF-beta1 threshold for EMT induction. These results suggest that persistent RON expression and activation cause the loss of epithelial phenotypes. These changes, collaborating with TGF-beta1 signaling, could play a critical role in epithelial transdifferentiation towards invasiveness and metastasis of certain cancers.
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PMID:Collaborative activities of macrophage-stimulating protein and transforming growth factor-beta1 in induction of epithelial to mesenchymal transition: roles of the RON receptor tyrosine kinase. 1500 85

A transplantable tumour (RY) and cell lines (RY-PB and clone RY-B-E3 isolated from RY-PB) were established from a naturally occurring endometrial stromal sarcoma (ESS) found in a 24-month-old female F344 rat. The primary tumour and RY tumours, which had been serially passaged in syngeneic female rats up to the 10th generation, consisted of spindle or round cells arranged in ill-defined bundles or sheets. Neoplastic cells of the primary and RY tumours, as well as cultured cells of RY-PB and RY-B-E3, showed positive reactions to vimentin, ED1/ED2 (both for rat macrophages/histiocytes), OX6 (for dendritic cells expressing rat MHC class II antigens), and lysosomal enzymes such as acid phosphatase and non-specific esterase, in varying degrees. Ultrastructurally, neoplastic cells characteristically had tubulovesicular system-like structures and variously developed lysosomes in the cytoplasm. Neoplastic cells also exhibited immunoexpression to an alpha-smooth muscle actin (alpha-SMA). The addition of transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta1 to RY-PB and RY-B-E3 cultures increased the number of alpha-SMA-positive cells, whilst the positive cell number was decreased by anti-TGF-beta antibody. The RT-PCR method revealed the expression of TGF-beta1 mRNA in the cultured cells. The present study showed that rat ESS-derived cells exhibited dendritic cell-like and myofibroblastic cell-like phenotypes. The histogenesis of ESSs in human beings and rats remains poorly understood, and these tumour lines may therefore become useful tools for further research.
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PMID:Tumour lines from a spontaneous rat endometrial stromal sarcoma, showing dendritic cell-like and myofibroblastic cell-like phenotypes. 1514 98


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