Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UNIPROT:Q14254 (surface antigen)
 12,846 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

We have developed an adjuvant formulation (SAF) consisting of a synthetic muramyl dipeptide analogue (N-acetylmuramyl-L-threonyl-D-isoglutamine) in a squalane-Pluronic polymer emulsion. Used with a variety of antigens SAF elicits cell-mediated immunity and antibodies of protective isotypes (IgG2a in the mouse). SAF augments responses to influenza virus haemagglutinin and hepatitis B virus surface antigen. Vaccines using SAF have protected guinea pigs against genital herpes simplex virus infections and subhuman primates against Epstein-Barr virus and simian immunodeficiency virus infections. Properties of SAF are compared with those of other adjuvants, including lipopolysaccharide analogs, ISCOMs and liposomes.
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PMID:Adjuvant formulations and their mode of action. 196 59

The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is capable of infecting certain cells of hematopoietic lineage, particularly monocyte-macrophages and T lymphocytes. Recently, the possibility that cells of megakaryocytic lineage are susceptible to HIV infection has been raised. We have characterized infection of the permanent megakaryocytic cell line CMK by HIV in vitro. CMK cells were easily infected by HIV type 2 (HIV-2), producing significant amounts of virus in culture. Infection appeared to be mediated by the CD4 surface antigen on CMK cells. Three different strains of HIV-1 were able to minimally infect CMK cells, suggesting there may be isolates of HIV tropic for megakaryocytes. Infection of CMK cells led to downregulation of the CD4 surface antigen but no discernable change in expression of megakaryocyte-associated proteins glycoprotein Ib and glycoprotein IIb/IIIa. These observations support the likelihood that megakaryocytes are susceptible to HIV infection, and cell lines of megakaryocytic origin may provide a useful model to study effects of the retrovirus on megakaryocyte function.
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PMID:Human immunodeficiency virus infection of megakaryocytic cells. 199 Nov 65

The banking of femoral heads from patients who undergo total hip arthroplasty provides a valuable resource for orthopedic surgery. Quality assurance of the banked bone used in clinical procedures requires documented policies for screening, procuring, storing and distributing. Potential donors are screened at the time of donation for malignant disease, possible communicable disease, sepsis and high-risk life-styles. After negative culture results are confirmed and appropriate documentation has been completed, the bone is frozen at -70 degrees C. A quarantine period of 90 days follows. The donor is followed up 90 days or more postoperatively. At that time written consent is obtained for donation of the recovered tissue to the bone bank and for serology testing for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1) antibody, hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAG), hepatitis B core antibody (HBcAb) and syphilis, and the donor is rescreened for contraindications. This protocol meets or exceeds all existing standards. The combination of obtaining consent and serology testing at 90 days streamlines the logistics of banking bone from surgical donors.
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PMID:A simplified protocol for banking bone from surgical donors requiring a 90-day quarantine and an HIV-1 antibody test. 186 83

Monoclonal antibodies have been raised against a cell line derived from a dimethylhydrazine-induced rat colon carcinoma. One of these antibodies (MAb E4) has previously been shown to react slightly with normal small intestine and colon, and not with other normal tissues as determined by immunohistochemistry. Using Western immunoblotting we confirmed this tumor specificity. Therefore, the Mr of approx. 66,000 glycosylated antigen (pE4) recognized by MAb E4 appeared to be a potential marker of colon carcinoma. Fifteen human tumor cell lines were tested by flow cytometry for the expression of pE4. This antigen was not detected on these cells. In the rat colon carcinoma cell, pE4 was exclusively found on the cell membrane. pE4 was purified to near homogeneity by immunoaffinity chromatography. The first 20 N-terminal amino acids were identified. Comparison with the NBRF data bank did not reveal a complete homology with known sequenced proteins but similarities were found with the mouse L3T4 precursor, the env polyprotein of human immunodeficiency virus type I, flagellin from Halobacterium halobium and the gp30 from hepatitis B surface antigen. Homology was always found in transmembranous or hydrophobic domains of these proteins. By indirect immunofluorescence analysis of adherent cells and size exclusion chromatography under native conditions, pE4 was found to interact with other molecules and perhaps to be involved in intercellular contact.
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PMID:Characterization, isolation and amino terminal sequencing of a rat colon carcinoma-associated antigen. 201 Feb 33

To assess the influence of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection on the natural history of acute hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection, a study was undertaken of the clinical records of all 77 homosexual men with documented seroconversion to anti-hepatitis B core antibody (anti-HBc) between visits to either of two Sydney clinics between 1985 and 1989. HIV-1-seropositive subjects developed chronic HBV infection (positive for hepatitis B surface antigen [HBsAg] greater than 6 months) more frequently (7/31, 23%) than HIV-1-seronegative ones (2/46, 4%; P = .026). HIV-positive subjects who cleared HBsAg had significantly more circulating CD4+ lymphocytes (mean, 547 x 10(6)/l) than those who did not (352 x 10(6)/l, P less than .005). A subset of subjects who acquired both viruses between visits had an even higher rate of chronic infection (4/10, 40%). Icteric illnesses were reported more frequently by HIV-1-seronegative (11/46, 24%) than -seropositive subjects (3/31, 10%; P = .20). These findings indicate a potential for an increased reservoir of HBV infection in the community as a consequence of the HIV-1 epidemic.
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PMID:The influence of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection on the development of the hepatitis B virus carrier state. 201 62

Hepatitis B infection is endemic in the tropics. Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection might also be endemic in parts of Africa. Blood transfusion is a major risk factor in the transmission of either virus. Patients with end-stage chronic renal failure undergoing dialysis receive multiple blood transfusions. 3 of 12 hemodialyzed patients in a renal unit were found to carry the hepatitis B surface antigen. No patient on continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis and no patient with a kidney transplant bore that antigen. 5 of 12 hemodialyzed patients and only 1 of 7 on continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis were positive for the hepatitis B surface antibody. This status remained unchanged for 1 year. Only 1 patient who was initially HIV negative converted to HIV positive a year later.
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PMID:Serological and epidemiological studies of hepatitis B and human immunodeficiency virus in a dialysis unit of Africa. 206 81

In this pilot study, 12 patients with chronic delta hepatitis were studied. The diagnosis was based on the presence of antibodies to the hepatitis delta antigen in the serum and hepatitis delta virus RNA and hepatitis delta antigen in the serum and liver. All patients were also positive for hepatitis B surface antigen. The infection was presumed to have been transmitted by intravenous drug abuse in six of the patients, blood transfusion in one and by sexual contact in four (two had antibodies to human immunodeficiency virus in their serum, but did not show signs of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome). In one further patient, the source of infection was unknown. Interferon alfa-2b (INTRON A, Schering-Plough Corporation) was initiated at 5 million units per day subcutaneously for at least 4 months, being reduced by half if side effects occurred. Serum alanine aminotransferase levels, hepatitis delta virus RNA and hepatitis delta antigen were measured at monthly intervals for up to 12 months in some patients. Interferon therapy resulted in decreased serum levels of these three markers. On cessation of therapy, most patients experienced a relapse over 6 months, but alanine amino transferase levels could be normalized once more by restarting interferon therapy. In conclusion, interferon decreased hepatic inflammation by the inhibition of hepatitis delta virus replication, although relapse occurred when interferon was stopped and long-term therapy is required to achieve permanent control of the disease. Care will be required when treating patients with advanced or decompensated liver disease.
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PMID:Therapy of chronic delta hepatitis with interferon alfa-2b. 207 75

We determined the prevalence of antibodies to the hepatitis C virus (anti-HCV) in 90 patients and 37 staff members of two hemodialysis units utilizing a recently developed anti-HCV recombinant based assay. Eleven patients (12%) were anti-HCV(+). Of these, eight (73%) had antibodies to the hepatitis B core antigen (anti-HBc) indicating prior hepatitis B infection; one patient was hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg)(+). All staff members were anti-HCV(-), although seven (19%) of them were anti-HBc(+). Alanine aminotransferase elevations were present at the time of the study in four anti-HCV(-) patients and in only one anti-HCV(+) patient. All anti-HCV(+) (mean 59 +/- 74; range 3 to 269 units) and 85% of anti-HCV(-) patients (mean 16 +/- 27; range 0 to 204 units) had received multiple blood transfusions (P = 0.348). Among 50 patients tested for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), 43% of anti-HCV(+) as compared to only 7% anti-HCV(-) were positive (P = 0.003). There was a history of intravenous drug abuse (IVDA) in eight (72%) of the anti-HCV(+) patients and in only seven (9%) of the anti-HCV(-) group (P = 0.00001). The results of this serologic survey suggests that anti-HCV positivity is prevalent, although much less than anti-HBc, among our dialysis patients, whereas it was not detected among staff members. The prevalence rate of anti-HCV was statistically significantly higher among anti-HIV(+) and IVDA patients but not in multi-transfused patients.
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PMID:Hepatitis C infection in two urban hemodialysis units. 211 69

The relative sexual transmission efficiency of hepatitis B virus (HBV) and human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) was investigated by a prospective study of homosexual men in Pittsburgh, Pa, from the Multicenter AIDS Cohort Study. During the 30-month follow-up, 19.8% and 7.8% of the initially seronegative HBV and HIV-1 groups were estimated to seroconvert to HBV and HIV-1, respectively. The significantly higher cumulative HBV seroconversion rate occurred despite a much lower prevalence of hepatitis B carriers (7% were hepatitis B surface antigen positive) compared with HIV-1 carriers (22% were HIV-1 antibody positive). The sexual exposure profile of HBV and HIV-1 seroconverters was similar during the 6 months prior to seroconversion, supporting the link between anal intercourse and acquisition of either infection. However, insertive, not receptive, anal intercourse was the major risk factor identified for HBV seroconversion, suggesting that transurethral exposure is an important mode of transmission. These data suggest that HBV is transmitted 8.6-fold more efficiently than HIV-1 among homosexual men studied and underscore the benefits of both HBV immunization and use of condoms during intercourse to prevent HBV infection.
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PMID:Sexual transmission efficiency of hepatitis B virus and human immunodeficiency virus among homosexual men. 223 36

From December 1988 to April 1989, 154 female prostitutes in and around Ghent, Belgium, were interviewed about their knowledge, attitudes and practices in relation to the risks for sexually transmitted diseases (STD) and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection in their profession. Thirty four women worked as window prostitutes, 120 picked up their clients in bars, clubs, and saunas. Blood samples were taken from 123 women. One (0.8%) was seropositive for HIV1, 19 (15.4%) had Hepatitis B core antibodies (anti-HBc), eight (6.4%) showed markers of syphilis. None of them were Hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) carriers. Hepatitis C antibodies (anti-HCV) were present in the serum of three women (2.4%). Overall STD seroprevalence was higher in the group of window prostitutes than in the group of club prostitutes. One woman admitted intravenous drug use. Former testing for anti-HIV antibodies had been performed in 102 (66.5%) respondents, of whom 84 (82.3%) were tested in the year preceding the interview. In 74.5% of the cases, these tests were requested by the women themselves. These results suggest that HIV infection is not yet prevalent in non-intravenous drug using prostitutes in Ghent, but that this situation may change considering their higher rates of past STD. Window prostitutes are at higher risk than club prostitutes. Testing for HIV seems to be common practice, mostly at the request of the women themselves. Health education should discourage the notion of testing as an alternative to using condoms.
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PMID:Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection, sexually transmitted diseases and HIV-antibody testing practices in Belgian prostitutes. 224 81


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