Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UNIPROT:Q07644 (polypeptide)
 72,197 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Immunocytochemistry and a radioimmunoassay were used to investigate the existence and distributions of various regulatory peptide immunoreactivities (ir) in human submandibular and parotid glands. Numerous nerve fibers containing vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) and peptide histidine methionine (PHM), or neuropeptide tyrosine (NPY) and C-flanking peptide of NPY (CPON)-ir were found in close proximity to acini, ducts and blood vessels. Only a few calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP)- and substance P (SP)-ir nerve fibers could be demonstrated and were mainly localized around blood vessels and ducts. Galanin and the recently discovered peptides helospectin and pituitary adenylate cyclase activating peptide were unable to be detected in the salivary glands studied. Preliminary quantitative investigations of four human submandibular glands using radioimmunoassay showed that VIP-ir had the highest concentration, followed by NPY-ir and CGRP-ir; SP-concentrations were below the detection limit. The possible physiological significance of these peptides for salivary secretion is discussed.
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PMID:[Peptidergic innervation of human salivary glands (parotid gland and submandibular gland)]. 133 45

Changes in the innervation of the heart (right atrium), mesenteric blood vessels, vas deferens and superior cervical ganglia have been examined following long-term sympathectomy of the mature rat. Patterns of innervation were investigated by histochemical and immunohistochemical techniques, while levels of noradrenaline and neuropeptides were measured by neurochemical assays. Large doses of guanethidine (80 mg/kg) were given daily for four weeks to 12-14 week-old male rats which were killed at 18-20 weeks of age. Catecholamine-containing nerves were severely depleted or absent in all tissues, together with a reduction in noradrenaline content. Neuropeptide Y levels were depleted by 97% in vas deferens, 78% in mesenteric vein and 50% in right atrium and superior cervical ganglion. Increases in levels of calcitonin gene-related peptide were seen in the mesenteric vein (up seven-fold), superior cervical ganglia (up 11-fold) and vas deferens (prostatic portion up three-fold), which were also evident by assessment of immunolabelling of nerve fibres. Calcitonin gene-related peptide levels were not increased in the right atrium. In addition, an increase in vasoactive intestinal polypeptide-immunoreactive nerve fibre density was seen in the mesenteric artery and vas deferens, although no significant differences were observed in assays of vasoactive intestinal peptide levels in any tissue. No changes were seen in the innervation of any of the tissues by substance P-immunoreactive nerve fibres either by immunohistochemical or immunochemical assay assessment. This study indicates that there are selective changes in the mature nervous system in response to the loss of sympathetic nerves. Differences between these changes and the response of the developing nervous system to long-term sympathectomy are discussed.
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PMID:Guanethidine sympathectomy of mature rats leads to increases in calcitonin gene-related peptide and vasoactive intestinal polypeptide-containing nerves. 137 54

Single- and dual-labelling immunohistochemistry were used to determine the distribution and coexistence of neuropeptides in perivascular nerves of the large arteries and veins of the snake, Elaphe obsoleta, using antibodies for vasoactive intestinal polypeptide, substance P, calcitonin gene-related peptide, neuropeptide Y, galanin, somatostatin, and leu-enkephalin. Blood vessels were sampled from four regions along the body of the snake: region 1, arteries and veins anterior to the heart; region 2, central vasculature 5 cm anterior and 10 cm posterior to the heart; region 3, arteries and veins in a 30-cm region posterior to the liver; and region 4, dorsal aorta and renal arteries, renal and intestinal veins, 5-30 cm cephalad of the vent. A moderate to dense distribution of vasoactive intestinal polypeptide-like immunoreactive fibres was found in most arteries and veins of regions 1-3, but fibres were absent from the vessels of region 4. The majority of vasoactive intestinal polypeptide-like immunoreactive fibres contained colocalized substance P-like immunoreactivity, and these fibres were unaffected by either capsaicin or 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) pretreatment. In the anterior section of the snake, the vagal trunks contained many cell bodies with colocalized vasoactive intestinal polypeptide and substance P-like immunoreactivity. It is suggested that the vasoactive intestinal polypeptide/substance P-like immunoreactive cell bodies and fibres are parasympathetic postganglionic nerves. Neuropeptide Y-like immunoreactive fibres were observed in all arteries and veins, being most dense in regions 3 and 4. The majority of these fibres also contained colocalized galanin-like immunoreactivity, and were absent in tissues from 6-OHDA pretreated snakes, suggesting that neuropeptide Y and galanin are colocalized in adrenergic nerves. A small number of neuropeptide Y-like immunoreactive fibres contained vasoactive intestinal polypeptide but not galanin, and were unaffected by 6-OHDA treatment. All calcitonin gene-related peptide-like immunoreactive fibres contained colocalized substance P-like immunoreactivity, and these fibres were observed in all vessels, being particularly dense in the carotid artery and jugular veins. All calcitonin gene-related peptide/substance P-like immunoreactive fibres appeared damaged after capsaicin treatment suggesting they represent fibres from afferent sensory neurons. A sparse plexus of somatostatin-like immunoreactive fibres was observed in the vessels only from region 4. No enkephalin-like immunoreactive fibres were found in any blood vessels from any region. This study provides morphological evidence to suggest that there is considerable functional specialization within the components of the rat snake peripheral autonomic system controlling the circulation, in particular the regulation of venous capacitance.
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PMID:The distribution and colocalization of neuropeptides in perivascular nerves innervating the large arteries and veins of the snake, Elaphe obsoleta. 138 80

Numerous physiologic aberrations occur after Roux-en-Y bypass procedures. Neuropeptide Y (NPY), a 36 amino acid polypeptide, has been shown to have many effects on gastrointestinal physiology, including alterations in blood flow, motility, and secretion and absorption. Recent work demonstrating a postprandial increase in circulating NPY prompted this investigation into its potential roles after Roux-en-Y bypass. Three groups of rats underwent Roux-en-Y cholangiojejunostomy, jejunojejunostomy, or proximal jejunal transection with reanastomosis. After a 3-month recovery, the animals were tested with both mixed and fat meals. Control animals had rapid increases in circulating NPY after the mixed meal. This response was not seen in either of the Roux-en-Y groups (P less than 0.05). No animals had circulating changes in NPY after the fat meal. Additionally, small intestinal NPY receptor analysis revealed high NPY affinity to the epithelial cells of the proximal small intestine. Our results demonstrate a dependence of postprandial NPY release on proximal small intestinal continuity that is abolished by Roux-en-Y bypass of a jejunal segment. The absence of postprandial elevation in plasma NPY after proximal jejunal bypass and the abundance of NPY receptors in the proximal small intestine merits further investigation into the physiologic roles of NPY in the foregut.
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PMID:Roux-en-Y jejunal bypass abolishes postprandial neuropeptide Y release. 140 94

The innervation of lumbar facet capsule and ligamentum flavum was investigated using antisera to a general neuronal marker protein gene product (PGP) 9.5 and to peptide markers of sensory nerves (calcitonin gene-related peptide [CGRP] and substance P) and autonomic nerves (vasoactive intestinal polypeptide [VIP] and C-flanking peptide of neuropeptide Y [CPON]). In the facet capsule (n = 14), PGP 9.5 and CGRP-immunoreactive nerves occurred in 12 and five specimens, respectively, both around blood vessels and as free fibers in the stroma. Free fibers immunoreactive for substance P or VIP were noted in three and five specimens, whereas in nine specimens there were CPON-immunoreactive nerves located perivascularly. There was no immunoreactivity in the ligamentum flavum. This study provides further evidence that the facet capsule but not the ligamentum flavum has substantial innervation by sensory and autonomic nerve fibers and has a structural basis for pain perception.
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PMID:Morphological basis for back pain: the demonstration of nerve fibers and neuropeptides in the lumbar facet joint capsule but not in ligamentum flavum. 153 Jul 99

The existence, distribution and density of various neuropeptides in human submandibular and parotid glands were investigated using immunocytochemistry and radioimmunoassay. Numerous nerve fibers containing vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) and peptide histidine methionine (PHM), or neuropeptide Y (NPY) and C-flanking peptide of NPY (CPON) immunoreactivities (ir) were found in close association to acini, ducts and blood vessels. Only few calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP)- and substance P (SP)-ir nerve fibers could be demonstrated, mainly localized around blood vessels and ducts. Galanin and the newly discovered peptides helospectin and pituitary adenylate cyclase activating peptide (PACAP) could not be detected in human salivary glands.
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PMID:Neuropeptides in human salivary (submandibular and parotid) glands. 160 4

A polypeptide was purified from frog brain extracts on the basis of its ability to inhibit alpha-melanotropin release from perifused frog neurointermediate lobes. Based on Edman degradation, amino acid analysis, and peptide mapping, the primary structure of this frog melanotropin-release-inhibiting factor (melanostatin) was determined to be H-Tyr-Pro-Ser-Lys-Pro-Asp-Asn-Pro-Gly-Glu-Asp-Ala-Pro-Ala-Glu-Asp-Met- Ala-Lys-Tyr-Tyr-Ser-Ala-Leu-Arg-His-Tyr-Ile-Asn-Leu-Ile-Thr-Arg-Gln-Arg- Tyr-NH2 . Frog melanostatin belongs to the pancreatic polypeptide/neuropeptide Y/peptide YY family, and the structure of this peptide differs from that of human neuropeptide Y by only one amino acid substitution in position 19. A synthetic replicate of frog melanostatin is coeluted with the native peptide on HPLC and is highly potent in inhibiting alpha-melanotropin secretion in vitro (IC50 = 60 nM).
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PMID:Characterization of melanotropin-release-inhibiting factor (melanostatin) from frog brain: homology with human neuropeptide Y. 167 94

A simple method combining indirect immunofluorescence and histochemical techniques was developed in order to demonstrate the presence of both neuropeptide immunoreactivity and acetylcholinesterase activity in the same whole-mount preparation. It was found that the two methods can be combined without interfering with one another and may be viewed and photographed simultaneously. The guinea pig basilar artery was chosen as a model tissue. While vasoactive intestinal polypeptide immunoreactivity and acetylcholinesterase activity were found to occur in the same perivascular nerve fibres, tyrosine hydroxylase, neuropeptide tyrosine and calcitonin gene-related peptide immunoreactivity were present in distinct nerve subpopulations. It is possible using this double staining procedure, to analyse the interrelationship of putative cholinergic nerves with other components of the autonomic and sensory nervous system.
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PMID:Simultaneous visualization of neuropeptide and acetylcholinesterase nerve subpopulations in the perivascular plexus. 168 37

The distribution and localization of several neuropeptides were investigated in the lichenified lesions of 11 patients with atopic dermatitis using indirect immunofluorescence. Substance P-positive nerve fibres were observed in most of the cases of atopic dermatitis, but not in normal controls. Somatostatin immunoreactive nerves were not found in the skin of atopic dermatitis, whereas a normal pattern of immunoreactivity could be detected in most of the healthy subjects. Neuropeptide Y-positive dendritic epidermal cells were observed in lesional skin from patients with atopic dermatitis, but not in controls. Calcitonin gene-related peptide and vasoactive intestinal polypeptide immunoreactivity in patients with atopic dermatitis did not differ from that in healthy subjects. With galanin antiserum a diffuse intracellular staining was observed in the epidermis of both atopic patients and controls, while no positive staining was found with either neurotensin or neurokinin A antibodies in either group. These findings suggest a possible involvement of some neuropeptides in the pathomechanisms of atopic dermatitis.
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PMID:Neuropeptides in skin from patients with atopic dermatitis: an immunohistochemical study. 169 5

Immunocytochemical double and triple staining techniques were employed on whole mounts of the submucosal plexus from normal Wistar and non-diabetic BB rat jejunum and ileum, to determine the patterns of co-localization of vasoactive intestinal polypeptide-, peptide histidine-isoleucine-, somatostatin-, neuropeptide Y-, calcitonin gene-related peptide-, substance P-, and galanin-immunoreactive nerves. Neuropeptide Y immunoreactivity was found in 38% of submucosal plexus neurons, within the same neuronal elements as vasoactive intestinal polypeptide immunoreactivity (39% of submucosal plexus neurons) and peptide histidine-isoleucine immunoreactivity. A small population (1% of submucosal plexus neurons) containing vasoactive intestinal polypeptide- and peptide histide isoleucine-like immunoreactivity without NPY-like immunoreactivity was also observed. A significant population of fibers containing vasoactive intestinal polypeptide and galanin immunoreactivity were observed in the mucosa and submucosa, although no cell bodies were detected which contained both neuropeptides. Galanin-like immunoreactivity was seen in a small (2% of submucosal plexus neurons) population, not co-localized with any of the other neuropeptides examined. All somatostatin-immunoreactive neuronal elements (18% of submucosal plexus neurons) contained calcitonin gene-related peptide immunoreactivity, just over half of which also contained substance P immunoreactivity. An additional 25% of submucosal plexus neurons contained calcitonin gene-related peptide- without somatostatin-like immunoreactivity and 28% of submucosal plexus neurons contained substance P without somatostatin-like immunoreactivity. Some degree of co-localization was seen between calcitonin gene-related peptide- and substance P-like immunoreactivity, however, this could not be directly quantified.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:The co-localization of neuropeptides in the submucosa of the small intestine of normal Wistar and non-diabetic BB rats. 169 58


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