Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UNIPROT:Q07644 (polypeptide)
 72,197 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Histological and immunohistochemical methods were used to study pelvic paraganglia in a series of human postnatal specimens ranging in age from 1 month to 6 y. Up to 5 months of age, many of the encapsulated paraganglia contained small pacinian-like sensory corpuscles which occurred either singly or in small clusters, implying an unknown functional interrelationship during this period. In older specimens, this intimate association was not observed since pacinian corpuscles and small nonencapsulated clusters of paraganglion cells were observed only as separate structures. It is suggested that the paraganglion cells may induce the formation of the pacinian corpuscles during fetal development. Immunohistochemistry using the nerve marker protein gene product (PGP 9.5) demonstrated a rich plexus of varicose nerve fibres within the paraganglia which may directly innervate the paraganglion cells and/or be associated with the profuse vascular supply. A similar density of vasoactive intestinal polypeptide-containing nerves was also demonstrated while some of the nerves contained calcitonin gene related peptide or substance P. The paraganglion cells stained positively for tyrosine hydroxylase, dopamine-beta-hydroxylase and neuropeptide Y, but not for phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferase. This combination of immunostaining confirms them as a rich source of noradrenaline.
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PMID:An immunohistochemical study of human postnatal paraganglia associated with the urinary bladder. 130 81

The changing pattern of innervation in the human transplanted liver was studied from the day of transplantation to 5 years later. Seven liver biopsies from non-transplant controls, 37 liver biopsies from 22 transplant patients, and one of these biopsied livers removed at retransplantation, were available for the study. Sections were immunostained for protein gene product 9.5 (PGP 9.5), neurone-specific enolase (NSE), S-100 protein, and vasoactive intestinal polypeptide. NSE and PGP 9.5 demonstrated nerves most successfully in our tissues. Staining for most small nerves was reduced by day 5 post-transplantation. Scanty fine nerves could be detected from day 13 to day 241 in occasional biopsies. Consistently identifiable immunostaining of PGP 9.5 and NSE nerve fibres was again apparent in portal areas after this time in all but one case. The findings indicate that in transplanted liver limited reinnervation can eventually take place. This could be due to either proliferation of intrinsic nerves, or regrowth of extrinsic nerves, or both.
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PMID:Immunohistochemical studies on the innervation of human transplanted liver. 138 6

Image-analysis was used to measure nerves immunoreactive to the general neuronal marker protein gene product 9.5 (PGP 9.5-IR) and the neuropeptides calcitonin gene-related peptide and vasoactive intestinal polypeptide in standardised leg skin biopsies of three age-matched groups of young subjects: non-diabetic (n = 14), diabetic patients with normal small fibre function ("non-neuropathic", (n = 11) and diabetic patients with abnormal small fibre function ("neuropathic", n = 11). Depletion of nerves and neuropeptides was most marked in the epidermis, where calcitonin gene-related peptide-immunoreactivity was more frequently absent than PGP 9.5-IR in diabetic patients. Epidermal PGP 9.5-IR nerve area and counts were reduced in neuropathic compared with normal subjects (p less than 0.001), as were epidermal calcitonin gene-related peptide nerve counts (p = 0.003). Sweat gland PGP 9.5 and vasoactive intestinal polypeptide, which may be involved in sweat production, showed no diminution in diabetic patients (area: p = 0.160, p = 0.372 by ANOVA). Two diabetic patients showed elevated sweat gland PGP 9.5-IR and three had increased sweat gland vasoactive intestinal polypeptide; this may represent nerve proliferation. In local sweat tests, acetylcholine-stimulated sweat output was associated with increased immunoreactivity, while the sympathetic skin response showed inverse correlations with immunoreactivity. There were no consistent changes with other commonly-used neurophysiological tests. HbA1 correlated negatively with immunohistochemical measurements. Neuropeptide changes were seen in the absence of macro- and microvascular disease, and epidermal nerve depletion occurred in patients with normal thermal thresholds and cardiac autonomic function.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Immunohistochemical measurements of nerves and neuropeptides in diabetic skin: relationship to tests of neurological function. 139 86

The innervation of lumbar facet capsule and ligamentum flavum was investigated using antisera to a general neuronal marker protein gene product (PGP) 9.5 and to peptide markers of sensory nerves (calcitonin gene-related peptide [CGRP] and substance P) and autonomic nerves (vasoactive intestinal polypeptide [VIP] and C-flanking peptide of neuropeptide Y [CPON]). In the facet capsule (n = 14), PGP 9.5 and CGRP-immunoreactive nerves occurred in 12 and five specimens, respectively, both around blood vessels and as free fibers in the stroma. Free fibers immunoreactive for substance P or VIP were noted in three and five specimens, whereas in nine specimens there were CPON-immunoreactive nerves located perivascularly. There was no immunoreactivity in the ligamentum flavum. This study provides further evidence that the facet capsule but not the ligamentum flavum has substantial innervation by sensory and autonomic nerve fibers and has a structural basis for pain perception.
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PMID:Morphological basis for back pain: the demonstration of nerve fibers and neuropeptides in the lumbar facet joint capsule but not in ligamentum flavum. 153 Jul 99

Age-related changes in the human peripheral sudomotor neuro-effector system have been investigated in six 80-year-olds and six young adults. Histochemical and immunohistochemical studies on forearm skin biopsies showed diminished vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) and calcitonin gene related peptide (CGRP)-like immunoreactivity and a virtual absence of acetylcholinesterase in the elderly sudomotor nerve endings compared to the young. Reduced size of nerve bundles and decreased density of sympathetic nerve endings adjacent to the sweat glands of old people were shown by the neuronal marker, protein gene product (PGP 9.5), and by electron microscopy. Image analysis techniques were also used to demonstrate a marked regression in secretory coil size with age. Functional decrements accompanying the neurochemical and morphological changes in the neuro-effector system were measured in ten 80-year-olds by local quantitative nicotine axon reflex responses and compared with 12 young adults. These studies demonstrate marked regressive changes in both the nerve endings and target cells in old age and appear to express a significant loss of vigour in trophic interactions.
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PMID:Immunohistochemical, morphological and functional changes in the peripheral sudomotor neuro-effector system in elderly people. 158 96

The peptidergic innervation of rat thymus has been investigated by immunohistochemical methods, focusing on the spatial interrelationship of peptidergic nerve fibers with mast cells and macrophages in the rat. An antiserum directed against the protein gene product 9.5 (PGP 9.5) regarded as a pan-neuronal marker revealed a rich innervation, especially in the subcapsular cortex, in interlobular septa, and of the vasculature in the cortex and the corticomedullary boundary. A minor proportion of PGP 9.5-immunoreactive (ir) fibers supplied the thymic parenchyma. The main component of peptidergic innervation consisted of fibers costaining for tachykinins (TKs) and calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), but considerable amounts of neuropeptide Y (NPY)/tyrosine hydroxylase (TH)-positive fibers and vasoactive intestinal polypeptide/peptide histidine isoleucine-positive fibers also were present. There were sparse Leu-enkephalin and galanin immunoreactivities in thymic nerve fibers, while neurotensin was absent from nerve fibers. Close associations of TK/CGRP-ir and NPY-ir fibers with mast cells were frequently detected in the connective tissue areas of the thymus, often adjacent to the vasculature. TK/CGRP-ir fibers and some rare NPY-ir fibers were found adjacent to EDl-positive macrophages and less frequently to mast cells. TK/CGRP-ir and NPY-ir fibers were mainly detected in relation to the vasculature of the cortex and the corticomedullary boundary, but also were found in capsular and subcapsular regions of the thymic cortex. The possible importance of the close spatial relationship between the various peptide-containing nerve fibers and mast cells and ED1-positive macrophages in neuroimmune integration is discussed.
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PMID:Interrelation of peptidergic innervation with mast cells and ED1-positive cells in rat thymus. 164 85

The mammalian respiratory tract is densely innervated by autonomic and sensory nerves around airways and blood vessels. Subsets of these nerves contain a number of putative neurotransmitter peptides, such as substance P and calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) in sensory nerves and vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP), possibly serving autonomic functions. CGRP is also found in endocrine cells in rat airway epithelium. These peptides are all pharmacologically potent effectors of bronchial and vascular smooth muscle and bronchial secretion. Their functions in vivo are less well established. We have therefore examined the effects of inhaled acrolein, a sensory irritant, on three pulmonary neuropeptides: CGRP, substance P, and VIP. Groups of rats (n = 3 each) were exposed for 10 min to acrolein in air (Ct = 510, 1858, and 5693 mg.min/m3) or to air alone. Fifteen minutes later they were killed (pentabarbitone IP) and their respiratory tracts were dissected and fixed in 0.4% p-benzoquinone solution. Cryostat sections were stained by indirect immunofluorescence for a general nerve marker (PGP 9.5) and neuropeptides. The acrolein-treated animals had a dose-related decrease in tracheal substance P- and CGRP-immunoreactive nerve fibers compared with controls. No change was seen in total nerve fiber distribution and number (PGP 9.5) or VIP immunoreactivity, nor in CGRP-immunoreactive epithelial endocrine cells. It is concluded that the rat tracheal peptidergic nerves are a sensitive indicator of inhaled irritant substances. Their reduced immunoreactivity may be because of a release of sensory neuropeptides that could play a role in the physiological response to irritant or toxic compounds.
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PMID:Acrolein depletes the neuropeptides CGRP and substance P in sensory nerves in rat respiratory tract. 169 40

We have previously shown depletion of nerves and neuropeptides in skin biopsies of diabetic patients, even in the absence of clinical signs and symptoms of sensory and autonomic neuropathy, but were unable to examine the changes occurring at an early stage of the disease. Therefore, the distribution and relative density of peptide-containing nerves was studied in streptozotocin-treated rats in order to assess the progression of neural changes in the initial stages of diabetes. Skin samples dissected from the lip and footpad of diabetic rats, 2, 4, 8 and 12 weeks after streptozotocin injection and age matched controls were sectioned and were immunostained with antisera to the neuropeptides substance P, calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) and neuropeptide Y (NPY), and to a general neural marker, protein gene product 9.5 (PGP 9.5). No change was apparent in the distribution or relative density of immunoreactive cutaneous nerve fibres 2, 4 and 8 weeks after streptozotocin treatment. By 12 weeks there was a marked increase in the number of CGRP-immunoreactive fibres present in epidermis and dermis, and of VIP-immunoreactive fibres around sweat glands and blood vessels. A parallel increase was seen in nerves displaying PGP 9.5 immunoreactivity. No differences were detected in nerves immunoreactive for either substance P in the epidermis and dermis, and NPY around blood vessels. The alterations in the peptide immunoreactivities may be similar in the initial stages of human diabetes.
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PMID:Early increase in CGRP- and VIP-immunoreactive nerves in the skin of streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. 170 1

The cutaneous nerves of rat, cat, guinea pig, pig, and man were studied by immunocytochemistry to compare the staining potency of general neural markers and to investigate the density of nerves containing peptides. Antiserum to protein gene product 9.5 (PGP 9.5) stained more nerves than antisera to neurofilaments, neuron-specific enolase (NSE), and synaptophysin or histochemistry for acetylcholinesterase (AChE). Peptidergic axons showed species variation in density of distribution and were most abundant in pig and fewest in man. However, the specific peptides in nerves innervating the various structures were consistent between species. Nerve fibers immunoreactive for calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) and/or vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) predominated in all the species; those immunoreactive to tachykinins (substance P and neurokinin A [NKA]) and neuropeptide tyrosine (NPY) were less abundant. Neonatal capsaicin, at the doses employed in this study, destroyed approximately 70% of CGRP- and tachykinin-immunoreactive sensory axons; whereas 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) at the doses employed resulted in a complete loss of NPY and tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) immunoreactivity without affecting VIP, CGRP, and tachykinins. Thus, this study confirms that antiserum to PGP 9.5 is the most suitable and practical marker for the demonstration of cutaneous nerves. Species differences exist in the density of peptidergic innervation, but apparently not for specific peptides. Not all sensory axons immunoreactive for CGRP and substance P/NKA are capsaicin-sensitive. However, all sympathetic TH- and NPY-immunoreactive axons are totally responsive to 6-OHDA; but no change was seen in VIP-immunoreactive axons, suggesting some demarcation of cutaneous adrenergic and cholinergic sympathetic fibers.
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PMID:An immunocytochemical study of cutaneous innervation and the distribution of neuropeptides and protein gene product 9.5 in man and commonly employed laboratory animals. 171 91

The present light microscopic immunohistochemical study evaluates the distribution of peptidergic nerve fibers in human tonsil and describes their spatial relationship with specific cells of the immune system. Further, using a panneural marker protein gene product (PGP) 9.5, a qualitative evaluation of the density of specific peptidergic innervation of the human tonsil was performed. Nerve fibers staining for tachykinins, calcitonin gene-related peptide, neuropeptide Y, or vasoactive intestinal polypeptide/peptide histidine isoleucine showed characteristic distribution patterns, but constituted only a minor subfraction of the PGP 9.5-stained fiber population. Both peptide- and PGP 9.5-immunopositive fibers predominantly supplied the vasculature; nonvascular areas were less densely innervated. Double staining for surface antigens thought to be associated with subsets of lymphoid cells, i.e., T-cells, B-cells, granulocytes, and macrophages, and for peptides or PGP 9.5 revealed close proximity of characteristic subpopulations of neurochemically defined nerve fibers and the various immune cells. The presence of peptidergic nerve fibers among T-cells was more prevalent than peptidergic nerve fibers adjacent to macrophages. Few positively stained nerve fibers resided in B-cell compartments. Neuro-B-cell interrelations were extremely infrequent. Neuroimmune connections were restricted to paravascular, subepithelial, and interfollicular regions, while germinal centers were devoid of nerve supply. The results are compatible with the view that peptides, being present in small-diameter nerve fibers, could exert an indirect immunoregulatory role by influencing vascular tone and/or permeability. In quantitative terms, a direct neuroimmunomodulatory action of endogenous neurally derived peptides appears to be of minor importance, because nonvascular neuroimmune circuits were found infrequently and were regionally restricted. However, we cannot be sure that all fibers were stained. The functional state of the peptidergic and nonpeptidergic innervation of the human palatine tonsil may be of physiological and pathophysiological significance within the psycho-neuro-immuno-endocrine network. The peptide-coded neuroimmune link may play a role in tonsillar pain.
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PMID:The neuroimmune connection in human tonsils. 182 68


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