UNIPROT:Q07644 - FACTA Search

Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts: Target Concepts:

Query: UNIPROT:Q07644 (polypeptide)
72,197 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

To characterize further the injury response of autonomic ganglia, we have examined the effect of chronic denervation on perineuronal plexuses that are immunoreactive for vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) and tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) or that stain for nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) in the rat major pelvic ganglion, and their relationship to an identified sub-population of neurons in the ganglion (the penile neurons). Penile neurons contain VIP and NADPH diaphorase (NADPH-D) but lack TH. VIP-immunoreactive (VIP-IR) and TH-IR perineuronal plexuses (baskets) are rare in the rat major pelvic ganglion and those present are not associated with penile neurons. A small increase in VIP-IR baskets occurs 2 weeks after proximal interruption of the pelvic nerve, but TH-IR baskets increase five-fold. The emergent VIP-IR and TH-IR baskets enclose TH-negative neurons, none of which are penile ganglion cells. These changes remain up to 4 weeks after denervation. Interrupting the pelvic nerve nearer the margin of the major pelvic ganglion results in a rapid, more dramatic increase in VIP-IR, in cell bodies and beaded fibers, than that seen with the more proximal lesion. About 27% of neurons in the ventral pole of the ganglion are enveloped by NADPH-D perineuronal baskets. The incidence of NADPH-D baskets falls to less than 1% after acute interruption of the pelvic and hypogastric nerves, but their frequency returns to control levels in chronically denervated ganglia. The rapid, vigorous changes in peptide (VIP) fibers after the pelvic nerve is cut close to the major pelvic ganglion may be attributable to the interruption of axons of postganglionic neurons and to preganglionic nerve fibers, whereas the slowly developing changes in VIP-IR and TH-IR fibers after more proximal lesions may represent the more modest effects of true decentralization. The source and significance of the VIP-IR, TH-IR, and NADPH-D baskets that appear in chronically denervated ganglia remain unclear.
...
PMID:Denervation-induced changes in perineuronal plexuses in the major pelvic ganglion of the rat: immunohistochemistry for vasoactive intestinal polypeptide and tyrosine hydroxylase and histochemistry for NADPH-diaphorase. 899 2

Purified uridine diphosphate N-acetylenolpyruvylglucosamine reductase (E.C. 1.1.1.158) was analyzed by circular dichroism (CD) and UV-visible spectroscopy to establish the spectral properties of its tightly bound flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) cofactor. The polypeptide backbone displayed a single circular dichroic minimum at 208 nm and a single maximum at 193 nm. The CD spectrum of bound flavin exhibited a single major negative Cotton peak at 364 nm and two minor negative Cotton peaks at 464 and 495 nm. The protein was reversibly unfolded in 9.8 M urea and refolded in buffer in the presence of excess FAD. The refolded enzyme incorporated FAD and catalyzed full activity. The bound FAD displayed an absorption maximum at 464 nm with an extinction coefficient of epsilon 464 = 11700 M-1 cm-1. Anaerobic reduction with dithionite was complete at 1 equiv. Anaerobic reduction with nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate, reduced form (NADPH), also was essentially complete at 1 equiv and produced a long-wavelength absorbance band characteristic of an FAD-pyridine nucleotide charge transfer complex. Photochemical bleaching in the presence of ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) followed exponential kinetics. None of the anaerobic reductive titrations produced a spectral intermediate characteristic of a flavin semiquinone, and all reduced enzyme species could be fully reoxidized by oxygen, with full recovery of catalytic activity. Photochemically reduced enzyme was reoxidized by titration with either NADP+ or uridine diphospho N-acetylglucosamine enolpyruvate (UNAGEP). Reoxidation by NADP+ reached a chemical equilibrium, whereas reoxidation by UNAGEP was stoichiometric. Binding of NADP+ or UNAGEP to the oxidized form of the enzyme produced a dead-end complex that could be titrated by following a 10-nm red shift in the absorption spectrum of the bound FAD. The Kd of NADP+ for oxidized enzyme was 0.7 +/- 0.3 microM and the Kd of UNAGEP was 2.7 +/- 0.3 microM. Solvent deuterium isotope effects on binding were observed for both NADP+ and UNAGEP, depending on the pH. At pH 8.5, the HKd/DKd was 2.2 for NADP+ and 3.9 for UNAGEP. No spectral changes were observed in the presence of a 40-fold excess of uridine diphospho N-acetylmuramic acid (UNAM) either aerobically or anaerobically. These studies have identified spectral signals for five steps in the kinetic mechanism, have indicated that product formation is essentially irreversible, and have indicated that hydrogen bonding or protonation contributes significantly to ground-state complex formation with the physiological substrate.
...
PMID:Spectroscopic properties of Escherichia coli UDP-N-acetylenolpyruvylglucosamine reductase. 902 Jul 79

A primary neurogenic component is often being postulated to be responsible for unfavourable postoperative results of bladder growth and continence in the exstrophy-epispadias complex. On the other hand, we have seen favourable clinical situations and urodynamic follow-up after primary reconstruction employing the 'Erlangen technique' without evidence of primary dysinnervation. Since there are only few data available on this issue, we decided to apply immunocytochemistry and histochemistry for neuronal markers as a further step to elucidate this problem. Transmural biopsies were obtained during reconstructive surgery from the bladder dome and trigone of 22 children between September 1994 and June 1995. Indirect immunocytochemistry for vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP), neuropeptide Y (NPY), substance P (SP) calcitonin gene-related product (CGRP) and protein gene product (PGP) 9.5, a universal marker for neuronal tissue and histochemistry for nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate diaphorase (NADPHd), was performed on 14-micron cryostat sections. During the same period of time, control biopsies from 6 healthy bladders of an age-compatible group were subjected to the same examination. In addition, 19 patients were examined urodynamically after reconstruction in order to compare postoperative bladder function with the preexisting innervation pattern. No evidence of dysinnervation was found either morphologically or urodynamically in cases of isolated epispadias and classical exstrophy. Cases of exstrophies after failed reconstruction had muscular innervation deficiencies but increased sub and intraepithelial innervation. This group, according to morphological changes, also demonstrated bladder wall instability, decreased bladder compliance and absent detrusor contractions during micturition. All cloacal exstrophies had an extremely uneven innervation pattern with noticeable calibre differences of nerve fibres and bundles with simultaneously increased innervation density. Functionally these bladders were marked by small capacity and decreased compliance and absent detrusor function. All exstrophies in conjunction with an anal atresia or with a caudal regression syndrome (so-called 'transition forms') had a nearly universal pathological innervation pattern, compatible with cloacal exstrophies and had equally unfavourable functional findings. Cloacal exstrophies and 'transition forms' seemed to have primarily a completely different pattern of innervation when compared to normal bladders. Prognosis of bladder function in these children remains unclear.
...
PMID:Comparison of preoperative innervation pattern and postreconstructive urodynamics in the exstrophy-epispadias complex. 931 17

The Fas ligand induces apoptosis in activated immunocytes that express the Fas receptor. Fas-ligand transcripts have been found previously in murine intestine but the intestinal tissues that express Fas ligand have not been identified. We used immunohistochemistry to examine the expression of the Fas ligand in the enteric nervous system of rats, mice, guinea-pigs, ferrets and humans. Fas-ligand immunoreactivity was detectable in enteric nerve fibres and neurons in all species tested, representing 25%-50% of the neurons in rats, mice and guinea-pigs. An antigen of approximately 48 kDa was detected by Western blot analysis with Fas-ligand antiserum in the dissected enteric plexuses of duodenum from a C3H/HeJ mouse. In gld mice that harbour a Fas-ligand mutation, Fas-ligand immunoreactivity was slightly more intense in neurons and fibres and was also apparent in submucosal lymphocytes. In the myenteric plexuses of guinea-pig ileum and human colon, Fas-ligand immunoreactivity was not contained in neurons exhibiting nicotinamide-adenine dinucleotide phosphate-diaphorase activity. In the submucosal plexus of guinea-pig ileum, labelled neurons included some neuropeptide-Y-containing neurons but none with vasoactive intestinal polypeptide. We conclude that the Fas ligand is expressed by a large subset of enteric neurons and may provide the basis for cytotoxic neuroimmune interactions in the intestines.
...
PMID:Immunoreactivity for the Fas ligand in the mammalian enteric nervous system. 937 38

The distribution and origin of cerebrovascular nitrergic nerves were studied immunohistochemically and histochemically in the bent-winged bat. The supply of nitric oxide synthase (NOS)-immunoreactive (IR) and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate diaphorase (NADPHd)-positive nerves to the bat major cerebral arteries differs from the general mammalian pattern in that it is preferential for the vertebrobasilar system (VBS) as opposed to the internal carotid system. Interestingly, a few nerve cells with bright NOS immunofluorescence and intense NADPHd activity were localized in the walls of the vertebral artery (VA) and basilar artery (BA) from many individual bats. Cerebral perivascular NOS-IR nerves were generally immunoreactive for vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP). NOS-IR neurons intrinsic to the BA and VA expressed variable degrees of VIP immunoreactivity and showed no acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity. Most cell bodies of the microganglia (MG) in the carotid canal and tympanic cavity, and those of the cranial and cervical facial ganglia, showed both NOS and VIP immunoreactivities and were stained intensely for NADPHd. From these and other findings, it is suggested that, in the bent-winged bat at least, the BA and VA of the cerebral arterial tree are frequently dually innervated by two neurochemically defined nitrergic neurons, the cranial parasympathetic VIP-IR and AChE-positive neurons, which are derived mainly from the MG via the internal carotid artery, and the intrinsic neurons, either IR or immunonegative for VIP but negative for AChE, which form an outflow tract from some caudally located ganglia projecting to the VBS via the VA.
...
PMID:Nitrergic innervation of the cerebral arterial tree in the bent-winged bat (mammalia: Microchiroptera). 945 98

Pyridine nucleotide transhydrogenases (E.C.1.6.1.1) are integral proteins of the inner mitochondrial membrane. These enzymes are part of the energy-transfer system of the respiratory chain and specifically catalyze the transfer of a hydride ion between nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, NAD(H), and oxidized nicotinamide dinucleotide phosphate, NADP(H). Here we report the sequence of full-length cDNA clone containing the coding sequence for human mitochondrial nicotinamide nucleotide transhydrogenase. The characterized cDNA contains an insert of 4,232 base pairs with a 91% sequence identity to a previously characterized bovine transhydrogenase cDNA. The deduced human polypeptide sequence displays a high degree of sequence similarity, 97%, to the bovine polypeptide and a comparison of the two sequences is presented.
...
PMID:Cloning and deduced amino acid sequence of human nicotinamide nucleotide transhydrogenase. 952 18

The distribution of nitrergic neurons was investigated by using nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate-diaphorase (NADPH-d) histochemistry and nitric oxide synthase (NOS) immunohistochemistry in wholemount preparations of the urinary bladder in guinea pigs. Both NADPH-d+ and NOS+ neurons were located predominantly in the bladder base. Double staining showed that 70.9% of the NADPH-d+ neurons coexpressed NOS. Acetylcholinesterase histochemistry revealed that a majority of the intramural neurons were reactive, and about half of them (51.4%) were double labelled for NOS. Tyrosine hydroxylase-positive neurons were also distributed mainly in the bladder base but in a neuronal population that was separate from the preponderant NADPH-d+ neurons. Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide immunoreactivity was also detected in the some of intramural ganglion cells, in which 21.3% of them coexpressed NADPH-d. Calcitonin gene-related peptide and substance P immunoreactivities were confined to nerve fibers, often in close association with NADPH-d+ cells or extended along the blood vessels. These results have demonstrated the colocalization of NADPH-d and NOS in the majority of intramural ganglion cells. Many of the nitrergic neurons are apparently cholinergic, indicating that they are parasympathetic postganglionic neurons, and this underscores NO as the major neuromodulator in the parasympathetic nerves in the bladder walls. The localization of vasoactive intestinal polypeptide in nitrergic neurons suggests that the peptide may complement NO for regulation of micturition reflex. The close relationship of NADPH-d-reactive intramural neurons with calcitonin gene-related peptide and substance P fibers, most probably derived from dorsal root ganglion cells, suggests that NO released from the local neurons may exert its influence on the sensory neural pathways in the urinary bladder.
...
PMID:Colocalization of nitric oxide synthase and some neurotransmitters in the intramural ganglia of the guinea pig urinary bladder. 959 May 57

The aim of the present study was to analyze the neurochemical properties of the centrifugal visual system (CVS) of the quail using an immunohistochemical approach by testing 16 neuropeptides (angiotensin: ANG, bradykinin: BK, cholecystokinin, dynorphin, L and M-enkephalin, beta-endorphin: beta-END, galanin, alpha-neoendorphin, neurokinin A, neuropeptide Y (NPY), ocytocin, somatostatin, substance P, vasopressin, vasoactive intestinal polypeptide) and three neurotransmitters or their synthetic enzymes (choline acetyltransferase: ChAT, tyrosine hydroxylase: TH, serotonin: 5-HT and nitric oxide synthase: NOS, including the histochemical nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate diaphorase technique). For each substance, the somatic and afferent fiber and terminal labeling was analyzed within the nucleus isthmo-opticus (NIO) and the ectopic area (EA) and compared with that of retinopetal cell bodies labeled retrogradely with RITC following its intraocular injection (double-labeling procedure). The results showed that none of the centrifugal neurons were reactive to any of the substances tested. In contrast, all with the exception of ANG, BK and beta-END, labeled fibers and terminals within the EA and only four (ChAT, 5-HT, NPY and NOS) within the NIO. Possible sources of these immunoreactive fibers terminating in the NIO and EA were investigated by mapping the somatic immunolabeling of the different substances within brainstem regions previously shown by Miceli and other authors to project upon the centrifugal neurons. The data suggests that, besides the rapid retino-tecto-NIO-retinal loop, which facilitates the transfer of meaningful or more relevant information within particular portions of the visual field, the multiple afferent input which stems from various brainstem regions utilizes a wide range of neuroactive substances. Some of these afferent projections upon the centrifugal neurons appear to belong to nonspecific systems which might play a role in modulating the excitability of centrifugal neurons as a function of arousal.
...
PMID:An immunohistochemical study of putative neuromodulators and transmitters in the centrifugal visual system of the quail (Coturnix japonica). 971 61

The distribution of nitric oxide synthase (NOS)-, choline acetyltransferase (ChAT)-, and vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP)-immunoreactivities, and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate diaphorase (NADPHd)-reactivities in the sphenopalatine ganglia (SPG), and perivascular nerves in middle cerebral arteries of the pig was investigated by double-staining techniques using combined immunofluorescence and histochemistry methods. In the SPG, almost all ganglionic cells were NOS-immunoreactive (I) and NADPHd-positive, and both NOS immunoreactivities and NADPHd reactivities were completely co-localized. ChAT-I ganglionic cells accounted for 75%, while VIP-I ganglionic cells represented 42% of all ganglionic cells. Almost all VIP immunoreactivities were co-localized with ChAT immunoreactivities, and all ganglionic cells that were VIP-I and/or ChAT-I were NOS-I and NADPHd-reactive. None of the ganglionic cells in the SPG were immunoreactive to calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP). CGRP immunoreactivities, however, were found to surround some ganglionic cells. In middle cerebral arteries, all adventitial NOS-I bundles and fine fibers were coincident with NADPHd fibers. Almost all adventitial ChAT-I bundles and thin fibers, and VIP-I mesh-like fibers stained positively for NADPHd, while the mesh-like NADPHd fine fibers were not ChAT-I. Simultaneous labeling using antibodies against VIP and ChAT further indicated that VIP-I fibers were closer than ChAT-I fibers to the smooth muscle. In rare occasions, perivascular fibers were found to be stained for both ChAT and VIP, showing that most ChAT-I and VIP-I fibers were not coincident. These results suggest that ChAT and VIP are rarely co-localized in perivascular nerves in middle cerebral arteries, and point out that the neurotransmitter and the modulator that are co-localized within the same nerve cell body may distribute totally independently and differently at the terminal level. The present results also indicate that in cerebral perivascular nerves, the combination of nitric oxide (NO) and acetylcholine (ACh), as well as the combination of NO and VIP, are localized in the same nerve with different axons containing either NO plus ACh, or NO plus VIP. These findings support the hypothesis that ACh and VIP may act as modulators in regulating presynaptic release of NO, and therefore, cerebral neurogenic vasodilation, from their respective perivascular cholinergic-nitric oxidergic and VIPergic-nitric oxidergic nerves.
...
PMID:Segregation of VIPergic-nitric oxidergic and cholinergic-nitric oxidergic innervation in porcine middle cerebral arteries. 972 90

The NAD(P)H:flavin oxidoreductase from Escherichia coli, named Fre, is a monomer of 26.2 kDa that catalyzes the reduction of free flavins using NADPH or NADH as electron donor. The enzyme does not contain any prosthetic group but accommodates both the reduced pyridine nucleotide and the flavin in a ternary complex prior to oxidoreduction. The specificity of the flavin reductase for the pyridine nucleotide was studied by steady-state kinetics using a variety of NADP analogs. Both the nicotinamide ring and the adenosine part of the substrate molecule have been found to be important for binding to the polypeptide chain. However, in the case of NADPH, the 2'-phosphate group destabilized almost completely the interaction with the adenosine moiety. Moreover, NADPH and NMNH are very good substrates for the flavin reductase, and we have shown that both these molecules bind to the enzyme almost exclusively by the nicotinamide ring. This provides evidence that the flavin reductase exhibits a unique mode for recognition of the reduced pyridine nucleotide. In addition, we have shown that the flavin reductase selectively transfers the pro-R hydrogen from the C-4 position of the nicotinamide ring and is therefore classified as an A-side-specific enzyme.
...
PMID:The NAD(P)H:flavin oxidoreductase from Escherichia coli. Evidence for a new mode of binding for reduced pyridine nucleotides. 1037 27

<< Previous 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Next >>