Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: UNIPROT:Q07644 (polypeptide)
 72,197 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The general morphology of the intramural innervation of the myenteric plexus of the axolotl stomach has been investigated using antisera raised against neuron-specific enolase and a microtubule-associated protein. Additionally, the occurrence of serotonin and several peptidergic neurotransmitter/neuromodulator substances was studied. Immunoreactivity for galanin, vasoactive intestinal polypeptide, substance P and neuromedin U was found in both fibres and intrinsic perikarya, whereas the serotonin and calcitonin gene-related peptide-like-substance-containing nerve fibres seemed to be of extrinsic origin. The axolotl stomach myenteric plexus appeared to be devoid of enkephalin-, neuropeptide Y-, somatostatin- and bombesin-like immunoreactive nerve fibres and nerve cell bodies. Double labelling experiments revealed the presence of a subpopulation of substance P/calcitonin gene-related peptide-like immunoreactive nerve fibres. Contrary to mammals, no coexistence of neuromedin U and substance P was found. Our findings illustrate that besides a number of similarities, considerable species differences exist between urodeles and anurans with regard to the organization of the enteric nervous system.
 ...
PMID:Morphological features of the myenteric plexus of the stomach of the axolotl, Ambystoma mexicanum, revealed by immunocytochemistry. 137 7

The distribution of nerve fibers containing peptides which include calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), substance P (SP), neuropeptide Y (NPY) and vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) and enzymes of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) and acetylcholinesterase (AchE) in the lacrimal gland of the monkey (Macaca fuscata) was studied using immunohistochemical and enzymehistochemical methods. We also examined the trigeminal ganglion (TG) and superior cervical ganglion (SCG) using the same methods. All peptide- and enzyme-containing nerve fibers examined in this study were present in the lacrimal gland and a consistent distribution pattern for each substance was found. CGRP-immunoreactive (IR) nerve fibers were mainly distributed around the blood vessels in the interlobular connective tissue. The distribution pattern of SP-IR nerve fibers was similar to that of CGRP-IR nerve fibers, but they were much less in number. NPY-IR nerve fibers were observed mostly around the blood vessels and occasionally in the interstitial stroma between the acini. Numerous VIP-IR nerve fibers were found surrounding the acini, ducts and blood vessels. TH-IR nerve fibers were also been around the blood vessels and in the interstitial stroma between the acini, as were NPY-IR fibers. The highest concentration of acetylcholinesterase (AchE)-positive nerve fibers was present in the acini, ducts and blood vessels, showing a similar distribution to VIP-IR fibers. In the TG, 50% of medium and 30% of small ganglion cells were CGRP-IR cells, while 20% of medium and 25% of small ganglion cells were of the SP-IR types.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
 ...
PMID:Immunohistochemical and enzymehistochemical studies of peptidergic, aminergic and cholinergic innervation of the lacrimal gland of the monkey (Macaca fuscata). 137 36

The responses to vasoactive agents and the fine structure of hepatic arterial ring segments from male and female Watanabe heritable hyperlipidaemic (WHHL) rabbits (4, 6, and 12 months) were compared with those of age- and sex-matched New Zealand White (NZW) rabbits. In males only, KCl-induced contractions were reduced in WHHL rabbits compared with NZW rabbits. In male and female WHHL rabbits, maximum noradrenaline-induced contractions and sensitivity to noradrenaline were greater than those of male and female NZW rabbits. In female WHHL and NZW rabbits only, maximum noradrenaline-induced contractions and the EC50 values were reduced at 6 months. Endothelium-dependent relaxation: In females only, maximum relaxant responses and the sensitivity of WHHL rabbits to acetylcholine increased with age, while there was a decrease in NZW rabbits. Similarly, relaxation to substance P increased with age in WHHL rabbits and decreased in NZW rabbits, but this occurred in both male and female animals. In addition, substance P-induced relaxation in female WHHL rabbits was greater than in male WHHL rabbits. Endothelium-independent relaxation: In both male and female WHHL rabbits, calcitonin gene-related peptide-induced and vasoactive intestinal polypeptide-induced relaxation did not change with age. However, there was an age-related decrease in the response of NZW rabbits to these peptides. Electron microscopic evaluation of hepatic arteries from WHHL rabbits showed occasional ruptures in the internal elastic lamina at 4 months. At 6 months, widespread intimal thickening associated with smooth muscle cell migration was apparent, but this became less obvious at 12 months. No obvious differences in structure between male and female hepatic arteries were observed. It is suggested that a "compensatory vasodilatation" develops in atherosclerosis, initially at the level of the endothelium, and then with the progression of the disease extends to changes in the smooth muscle. This may occur in order to offset the thickening of the arterial wall. Sexual dimorphism in vascular reactivity has been demonstrated.
 ...
PMID:Sex and age as factors influencing the vascular reactivity in Watanabe heritable hyperlipidaemic (WHHL) rabbits: a pharmacological and morphological study of the hepatic artery. 137 92

The effect of immunosympathectomy on the pattern of distribution of catecholamine- and peptide-containing nerve fibres and neurones in the myenteric and submucous plexuses of rat ileum was investigated. There was an increase in vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP)-, galanin (GAL)- and substance P-like immunoreactivity in the myenteric plexus of ileum from rats treated with nerve growth factor (NGF) antiserum compared with controls. A similar increase in immunoreactivity was observed in VIP-, GAL- and neuropeptide Y (NPY)-containing submucous neurones and nerve fibres. In contrast, the immunosympathectomy had no effect on the pattern of distribution of catecholamine-, calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP)- and NPY-containing nerve fibres in the myenteric plexus or on substance P- and CGRP-containing neurones and nerve fibres of the submucous plexus. The findings of the present study suggest that NGF may differentially regulate the expression of enteric neuropeptides at a postnatal stage of development.
 ...
PMID:Differential effect of immunosympathectomy on the expression of rat enteric neurotransmitters. 137 76

The distribution of calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), substance P/tachykinin (SP/TK), vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP), neuropeptide Y (NPY) and gastrin-releasing peptide (GRP) immunreactivities (IR) in the rat pancreas was investigated using radioimmunoassay and immunohistochemistry. CGRP, NPY and VIP tissue contents are much higher than GRP and SP/TK concentrations. Peptide-containing nerves are distributed to both the exocrine and endocrine pancreas. However, differences exist in terms of density and targets of innervation for each peptidergic system. In the acini and through the stroma, fibers IR for CGRP, NPY and VIP are greater than GRP- and SP/TK-containing processes. The vasculature is supplied by a prominent NPY, CGRP and, to a lesser extent, SP/TK innervation. VIP-IR is found occasionally, and GRP-IR is never detected, in fibers associated with blood vessels. Around ducts, CGRP- and NPY-positive neurites are greater than SP/TK- greater than or equal to VIP-IR fibers, whereas GRP-containing nerves are not visualized. In the islets, the density of peptidergic nerves is: VIP-, GRP- greater than or equal to CGRP-IR greater than NPY or SP/TK. In intrapancreatic ganglia. VIP- and, to a lesser extent, NPY-IRs are found in numerous neuronal cell bodies and in nerve fibers; GRP-IR is present in numerous nerve processes and in few cell bodies; CGRP- and SP/TK-IRs are detected only in fibers wrapping around unlabeled ganglion cells. The majority of CGRP-IR fibers contain SP/TK-IR. The existence of differential patterns of peptidergic nerves suggests that peptides exert their effects on pancreatic functions via different pathways.
 ...
PMID:Tissue distribution and innervation pattern of peptide immunoreactivities in the rat pancreas. 137 23

1. Release of the tachykinin, substance P, from the peripheral terminals of polymodal afferent C-fibres is thought to be largely responsible for the vasodilatation and plasma protein extravasation described as neurogenic inflammation. The effects of CP-96,345, a non-peptide antagonist at the substance P (NK1) receptor, on these vascular reactions were investigated in the rat. 2. Intravenously (i.v.) injected CP-96,345 (0.4-3.0 mumol kg-1) prevented the drop in blood pressure, a measure of the peripheral vasodilatation, evoked by substance P and neurokinin A in a dose- and time-dependent manner, but did not affect that elicited by the non-tachykinin peptides calcitonin gene-related peptide and vasoactive intestinal polypeptide. 3. Plasma protein extravasation evoked by i.a. infusion of substance P, antidromic stimulation of the saphenous or the vagus nerve, and stimulation of cutaneous afferent nerves with mustard oil, were each significantly inhibited by CP-96,345 (3.0-9.0 mumol kg-1, i.v.). Furthermore, CP-96,345 was orally active in blocking mustard oil-induced plasma extravasation with an ED50 of 10 mumol kg-1. 4. The inhibition of substance P-induced vasodilatation and of neurogenic plasma extravasation by CP-96,345 was stereospecific as the inactive isomer CP-96,344 (2R, 3R enantiomer of CP-96,345) had no effect. 5. Thus CP-96,345 is a specific, highly potent, long-acting and orally active inhibitor of tachykinin-mediated neurogenic inflammation.
 ...
PMID:The non-peptide tachykinin antagonist, CP-96,345, is a potent inhibitor of neurogenic inflammation. 137 37

Changes in the innervation of the heart (right atrium), mesenteric blood vessels, vas deferens and superior cervical ganglia have been examined following long-term sympathectomy of the mature rat. Patterns of innervation were investigated by histochemical and immunohistochemical techniques, while levels of noradrenaline and neuropeptides were measured by neurochemical assays. Large doses of guanethidine (80 mg/kg) were given daily for four weeks to 12-14 week-old male rats which were killed at 18-20 weeks of age. Catecholamine-containing nerves were severely depleted or absent in all tissues, together with a reduction in noradrenaline content. Neuropeptide Y levels were depleted by 97% in vas deferens, 78% in mesenteric vein and 50% in right atrium and superior cervical ganglion. Increases in levels of calcitonin gene-related peptide were seen in the mesenteric vein (up seven-fold), superior cervical ganglia (up 11-fold) and vas deferens (prostatic portion up three-fold), which were also evident by assessment of immunolabelling of nerve fibres. Calcitonin gene-related peptide levels were not increased in the right atrium. In addition, an increase in vasoactive intestinal polypeptide-immunoreactive nerve fibre density was seen in the mesenteric artery and vas deferens, although no significant differences were observed in assays of vasoactive intestinal peptide levels in any tissue. No changes were seen in the innervation of any of the tissues by substance P-immunoreactive nerve fibres either by immunohistochemical or immunochemical assay assessment. This study indicates that there are selective changes in the mature nervous system in response to the loss of sympathetic nerves. Differences between these changes and the response of the developing nervous system to long-term sympathectomy are discussed.
 ...
PMID:Guanethidine sympathectomy of mature rats leads to increases in calcitonin gene-related peptide and vasoactive intestinal polypeptide-containing nerves. 137 54

The sympathetic and sensory innervation of guinea-pig trachea and lung were studied by means of retrograde neuronal tracing using fluorescent dyes, and double-labelling immunofluorescence. Sympathetic neurons supplying the lung were located in stellate ganglia and in thoracic sympathetic chain ganglia T2-T4; those supplying the trachea resided in the superior cervical and stellate ganglia. Retrogradely labelled sympathetic neurons were usually immunoreactive to tyrosine hydroxylase; the majority also contained neuropeptide Y immunoreactivity. However, a small number were non-catecholaminergic (i.e. tyrosine hydroxylase negative), but neuropeptide Y immunoreactive. Within the airways, tyrosine hydroxylase/neuropeptide Y-immunoreactive axons were found in the smooth muscle layer, around blood vessels including the pulmonary artery and vein, and to a lesser extent in the lamina propria. Periarterial axons contained in addition dynorphin immunoreactivity. Sensory neurons supplying the lung were located in jugular and nodose vagal ganglia as well as in upper thoracic dorsal root ganglia; those supplying the trachea were most frequently found bilaterally in the nodose ganglia and less frequently in the jugular ganglia. A spinal origin of tracheal sensory fibres could not be consistently demonstrated. With regard to their immunoreactivity to peptides, three types of sensory neurons projecting to the airways could be distinguished: (i) substance P/dynorphin immunoreactive; (ii) substance P immunoreactive but dynorphin negative; and (iii) negative to all peptides tested. Substance P-immunoreactive neurons innervating the airways invariably contained immunoreactivity to neurokinin A and calcitonin gene-related peptide. Retrogradely labelled neurons located in the nodose ganglia belonged almost exclusively (greater than or equal to 99%) to the peptide-negative group, whereas the three neuron types each represented about one-third of retrogradely labelled neurons in jugular and dorsal root ganglia. Within the airways, axons immunoreactive to substance P/neurokinin A and substance P/calcitonin gene-related peptide were distributed within the respiratory epithelium of trachea and large bronchi, in the lamina propria and smooth muscle from the trachea down to the smallest bronchioli (highest density at the bronchial level), in the alveolar walls, around systemic and pulmonary blood vessels, and within airway ganglia. Those axons also containing dynorphin immunoreactivity were restricted to the lamina propria and smooth muscle. The origin of nerve fibres immunoreactive for vasoactive intestinal polypeptide, of which a part were also neuropeptide Y immunoreactive, could not be determined by retrograde tracing experiments. Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide-immunoreactive fibres terminating within airway ganglia may be of preganglionic parasympathetic origin, whereas others (e.g. those found in smooth muscle) may arise from intrinsic ganglia.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
 ...
PMID:The sensory and sympathetic innervation of guinea-pig lung and trachea as studied by retrograde neuronal tracing and double-labelling immunohistochemistry. 138 Jan 40

Nerve growth factor (NGF) undergoes retrograde transport from peripheral target organs, and has been recently reported to regulate the production of some neuropeptides in dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons. Therefore, to ascertain whether or not the expression of calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP), and galanin was regulated by the retrograde transport of factors such as NGF, we carried out an immunocytochemical analysis using vinblastine as an axonal transport blocker and a monoclonal antibody to the NGF receptor (NGFR) as a marker of NGF-responsive neurons. The percentage of CGRP-containing DRG neurons (L5) was decreased by sciatic nerve transection or by the application of higher doses of vinblastine (0.3-0.6 mM) to the sciatic nerve. VIP and galanin were expressed in some DRG neurons after the application of a low dose of vinblastine (0.15 mM), which can block axonal flow without causing neuronal damage. The expression of these peptides was not affected by dorsal rhizotomy. About 70% of the CGRP-containing neurons also expressed NGFR, while most of the VIP-containing or galanin-containing neurons lacked NGFR. These findings indicate that the depletion of peripheral target-derived neurotrophic factor(s) other than NGF by axonal blockade may induce the gene expression of VIP and galanin.
 ...
PMID:Axonal blockade induces the expression of vasoactive intestinal polypeptide and galanin in rat dorsal root ganglion neurons. 138 49

A sparse to moderate supply of nerve fibers containing neuropeptide Y-like immunoreactivity (NPY-LI), vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP-LI), substance P (SP-LI), and calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP-LI) was demonstrated in the walls of human middle meningeal arteries. Comparison with similar studies on human cerebral and temporal arteries indicated a similar distribution and density. The immunoreactive material in all three arterial regions was characterized by reversed-phase high pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) and radioimmunoassay (RIA). The major peak of NPY-LI, VIP-LI, SP-LI, and CGRP-LI in each extract eluted approximately with the same elution volume as that of the corresponding synthetic analogues. The concentration of NPY in the middle meningeal arteries was lower as compared to the temporal arteries. Low concentrations of SP-LI and CGRP-LI were found in the middle meningeal arteries as compared to the cerebral arteries. In isolated ring segments of human middle meningeal and cerebral arteries, NPY caused vasoconstriction but did not potentiate the contractile response of noradrenaline. In the temporal artery, NPY did not induce contraction but potentiated the vasoconstrictor response to noradrenaline. Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide, peptide histidine methionine-27, SP, neurokinin A, and CGRP relaxed all three types of cephalic arteries. The peptide effects were not antagonized by propranolol, atropine, or cimetidine. Comparison of the responses to VIP and SP of vessels from the different regions showed a similar pattern of reactivity. The response to SP was slightly (p less than 0.05) more potent, whereas the responses to CGRP were less potent in the middle meningeal as compared to that in cerebral (p less than 0.005) vessels.
 ...
PMID:Distribution and effects of neuropeptide Y, vasoactive intestinal peptide, substance P, and calcitonin gene-related peptide in human middle meningeal arteries: comparison with cerebral and temporal arteries. 138 30


<< Previous 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Next >>