Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UNIPROT:Q07644 (polypeptide)
 72,197 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

1. The vasomotor responses to neuropeptides of the angular oculi and facial veins of reindeer were examined in vitro and correlated with the neuropeptide distribution in the perivascular nerves, as demonstrated by immunohistochemistry. 2. Nerves displaying calcitonin gene related peptide (CGRP)- or neuropeptide Y (NPY)-like immunoreactivity (-LI) were observed in the media of both veins, while very few fibers were immunoreactive to vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) or substance P (SP) in either vein. 3. The staining pattern for NPY-LI was largely identical to that of dopamine-beta-hydroxylase, a marker for noradrenaline (NA) producing fibers, indicating coexistence of NPY and NA. 4. Administration of NPY in vitro elicited contractions in both veins in the presence of propranolol, though more conspicuously in the angular oculi vein. 5. The peptide was without any modulating effect on NA-stimulated contractions in the angular oculi vein, whereas a small enhancement of the NA-induced tone was seen in the facial vein. 6. CGRP caused partial relaxation of both veins, whereas atrial natriuretic polypeptide caused relaxation only in the facial vein. VIP and SP had no effect on either vein. 7. The results suggest that in reindeer the sympathetic nerve fibres to both facial and angular oculi veins contain the vasoconstrictor neuropeptide NPY besides NA, even though these fibres exert a vasodilator action on the myogenically active facial vein. 8. The vasodilator neuropeptide CGRP, which is present in other more sparse perivascular nerve fibres mainly in angular oculi vein, is perhaps of afferent nature in which case CGRP might subserve axon reflex functions. 9. If, however, also the CGRP fibres are truly efferent in nature, chances for a central reciprocal control of flow through angular oculi vein might be at hand.
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PMID:Distribution and vasomotor effects of neuropeptides in angular oculi and facial veins of reindeer. 134 61

Immunohistochemistry has been used to demonstrate that neuropeptide Y, dopamine-beta-hydroxylase, calcitonin gene-related peptide or substance P are colocalized with vasoactive intestinal polypeptide and choline acetyltransferase in subpopulations of neurons in cranial parasympathetic ganglia of rat. These comprise the ciliary, sphenopalatine, otic, glossopharyngeal-vagal and internal carotid ganglia. In the ciliary and glossopharyngeal-vagal ganglia tyrosine hydroxylase is also found in such neurons. The findings emphasize that the combined localization of dopamine-beta-hydroxylase and neuropeptide Y or the presence of tyrosine hydroxylase is not exclusively a marker for peripheral adrenergic neurons. Further, the co-localization of calcitonin gene-related peptide and substance P is not a decisive indication that a neuron is sensory in nature. It is discussed whether the presence of the enzymes and peptides other than vasoactive intestinal polypeptide is a remnant of a different expression during ontogenesis or indicates target-specific functions in the adult.
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PMID:Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide and acetylcholine coexist with neuropeptide Y, dopamine-beta-hydroxylase, tyrosine hydroxylase, substance P or calcitonin gene-related peptide in neuronal subpopulations in cranial parasympathetic ganglia of rat. 135 Sep 46

Superior cervical ganglia from 7 human cadavers (3-7 h post mortem) were immunostained for tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), dopamine-beta-hydroxylase (DBH) and 14 different neuropeptides. The results show that ganglionic cells contain TH, DBH, neuropeptide Y (NPY), somatostatin, vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) and calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP). These substances were present predominantly within large ganglionic cells. Inside the ganglion, the number and topographical distribution of various types of immunoreactive cells differed from one another. NPY and CGRP immunoreactivities were found in some TH-positive cells, but that co-localization never exceeded the 30% of the TH cells. Leu-enkephalin showed a weak immunoreactivity, which was restricted to fibers or varicosities. Neuropeptides like substance P, dynorphin A and B, cholecystokinin, galanin, corticotropin-releasing factor, thyrotropin-releasing hormone, angiotensin II and neurotensin showed no immunoreactivity in the human superior cervical ganglion.
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PMID:Neuropeptides in the human superior cervical ganglion. 135 73

The central amygdaloid nucleus (ACe) is part of the amygdaloid body, and it has been shown to participate in several stress related reactions. The ACe is densely innervated by tyrosine hydroxylase- (TH), corticotropin releasing factor- (CRF), calcitonin gene-related peptide- (CGRP), neurotensin- (NT), somatostatin- (SOM), enkephalin- (ENK), substance P- (SP), vasoactive intestinal polypeptide- (VIP) and cholecystokinin- (CCK) immunoreactive (IR) nerve terminals. In addition, the ACe contains numerous CRF-, NT-, SOM-, ENK- and SP-IR perikarya. In previous studies it has been shown that stress stimulates the expression of the immediate early gene c-fos in the ACe. The aim of this study was to demonstrate the colocalization of the Fos-IR neurons with the peptide- and TH-IR structures using an immunocytochemical double staining technique. In intact animals the ACe contained only a few Fos-IR neurons. After immobilization stress about 100 Fos-IR neurons were seen per section. They were mainly located in the area, which was enriched by peptide- and TH-IR nerve terminals. The close contacts observed between the Fos-IR neurons and the peptide- and TH-IR nerve endings suggest that the Fos-IR neurons were innervated by these nerve terminals. Furthermore, several NT-, ENK-, SOM- and CRF-IR neurons were observed and the vast majority of these cells exhibited Fos-like immunoreactivity. These results suggest that stress enhances the synaptic activity of the ACe, which stimulates the expression of c-fos. Subsequently, Fos may regulate the expression of the NT, ENK, SOM and CRF genes and thus affect the peptidergic efferents from the ACe.
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PMID:Colocalization of peptide- and tyrosine hydroxylase-like immunoreactivities with Fos-immunoreactive neurons in rat central amygdaloid nucleus after immobilization stress. 136 16

1. Perivascular nerves of the sheep middle cerebral artery show immunoreactivity for both vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) and calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP). 2. Rings of endothelium-denuded sheep middle cerebral artery precontracted with 5-hydroxytryptamine were relaxed by CGRP (maximum relaxation = 87.8 +/- 8.1%, pD2 = 7.81 +/- 0.12, n = 12) and by VIP (maximum relaxation = 55.1 +/- 4.1%, pD2 = 7.65 +/- 0.04, n = 18). Rings of endothelium-denuded cat middle cerebral artery precontracted with U46619 were also relaxed by vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (maximum relaxation = 53.1 +/- 6.1%, pD2 = 7.82 +/- 0.11, n = 6). 3. Haemolysate (1 microliters ml-1) inhibited VIP-induced relaxation in endothelium-denuded sheep and cat middle cerebral artery (n = 6) but had no effect on the CGRP-induced relaxation of the sheep middle cerebral artery (n = 6). 4. The relaxant response to VIP in endothelium-denuded sheep middle cerebral artery was inhibited by methylene blue (10 microM) and augmented by either M&B 22948 (10 microM) or superoxide dismutase (150 units ml-1). Indomethacin (1 microM) had no effect. 5. The addition of L-NG-monomethyl arginine (100 microM) inhibited both neurogenic and VIP-induced relaxation of endothelium-denuded sheep MCA by 56 +/- 6% and 60 +/- 6% (n = 5) respectively. The CGRP-induced relaxation was unaffected. 6. It is concluded that neurally mediated vasodilatation in the sheep middle cerebral artery is mediated largely by VIP through a direct action on smooth muscle through a cyclic-GMP-mediated mechanism that appears to involve synthesis of nitric oxide from L-arginine. Vasodilatation by CGRP, which is also contained in perivascular nerves, does not utilize this pathway.
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PMID:Relaxation of sheep cerebral arteries by vasoactive intestinal polypeptide and neurogenic stimulation: inhibition by L-NG-monomethyl arginine in endothelium-denuded vessels. 136 20

Cutaneous wheal and flare responses to increasing concentrations of calcitonin gene-related peptide, substance P, neurokinin A, vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP), compound 48/80, and phosphate-buffered saline were measured in 10 patients with chronic idiopathic urticaria and 10 healthy controls. A significant increase in VIP-induced wheal, but not flare or cutaneous blood flow, was seen in urticarial patients compared with controls (p less than 0.001). No significant differences in responses to other tested compounds were found between these groups. These data point to an increased sensitivity of microvasculature to VIP in patients with chronic idiopathic urticaria.
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PMID:Cutaneous responses to vasoactive intestinal polypeptide in chronic idiopathic urticaria. 137 Feb 36

Specimens of the sigmoid colon were obtained from male and female patients (n = 11) with carcinoma of the colon or rectum and studied immunohistochemically for vasoactive intestinal polypeptide-, somatostatin-, substance P-, neuropeptide Y-, calcitonin gene-related peptide-, met- and leu-enkephalin-, 5-hydroxytryptamine-, and dopamine beta-hydroxylase-containing nerves. In the subdivisions of the submucous plexus (namely, Schabadasch's, Meissner's, and the intermediate plexuses), substance P- and vasoactive intestinal polypeptide-immunoreactive nerve fibers were the most numerous, and equal densities of these nerves were found in all three layers. In contrast, few neuropeptide Y-, met-enkephalin-, leu-enkephalin-, calcitonin gene-related peptide-, somatostatin-, 5-hydroxytryptamine-, and dopamine beta-hydroxylase-immunoreactive nerves were found in these regions. The nerve cell bodies of the submucous plexus contained vasoactive intestinal polypeptide, substance P, leu-enkephalin, somatostatin, and 5-hydroxytryptamine but not neuropeptide Y, met-enkephalin, calcitonin gene-related peptide, and dopamine beta-hydroxylase. Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide-containing nerve cell bodies were found in all three subdivisions. Substance P-, leu-enkephalin-, and somatostatin-immunoreactive nerve cell bodies were found in Schabadasch's plexus and the intermediate region of the submucous plexus, but they were absent from Meissner's plexus; 5-hydroxytryptamine-containing nerve cell bodies were only observed in Schabadasch's plexus. The possible function of the neuropeptide-, dopamine beta-hydroxylase-, and 5-hydroxytryptamine-containing neurons in the different layers of the submucous plexus is discussed.
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PMID:Peptide-containing neurons in different regions of the submucous plexus of human sigmoid colon. 848 77

To study the mechanism of autonomic regulation in the larynx, intralaryngeal local ganglia of the cat were investigated using immunohistochemical techniques. Small intralaryngeal ganglia were found in the peripheral portions of internal branches of the superior laryngeal nerve. Ninety-one percent of the ganglionic neurons were immunoreactive (IR) to vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP), and 10% of the VIP-IR cells were also immunoreactive to enkephalin (ENK) and/or substance P (SP). The immunoreactivity of neuronal cell bodies remained unchanged even after denervation of the bilateral superior and recurrent laryngeal nerves. A dense distribution of calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP)-IR nerve fibers was found around almost all neuronal cells in the intralaryngeal ganglia. A few VIP-IR, ENK-IR, and SP-IR nerve fibers were also observed. Only the CGRP-IR fibers disappeared after the denervation experiments. In the laryngeal glands and mucosal arterioles, VIP-IR nerve terminals were found that were also immunoreactive to ENK and/or SP. However, these immunoreactive nerve endings in the glands and arterioles remained after the denervation experiments. The results of our study indicate that laryngeal exocrine secretion and blood flow are regulated by postganglionic autonomic parasympathetic fibers from intralaryngeal ganglia that contain VIP alone or VIP with ENK and/or SP, and that these ganglionic neurons may be innervated by CGRP-IR extrinsic nerve fibers.
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PMID:Immunohistochemical study of intralaryngeal ganglia in the cat. 137 Aug 65

We sought to identify characteristics of peptidergic innervation that altered in patients with chronic pancreatitis. Pancreatic tissue removed from patients with chronic pancreatitis was analyzed by immunohistochemistry using antisera against neuropeptide Y, tyrosine hydroxylase, vasoactive intestinal polypeptide, peptide histidine isoleucine, calcitonin gene-related peptide, and substance P, respectively. In accordance with recent findings, the number and diameter of intralobular and interlobular nerve bundles were found to be increased as compared with control pancreas from organ donors. The striking change in the peptidergic innervation pattern in chronic pancreatitis concerned these altered nerves. It consisted of an intensification of the immunostaining for calcitonin gene-related peptide and substance P in numerous fibers contained in these nerves. Adjacent sections showed that immunoreactive substance P and immunoreactive calcitonin gene-related peptide coexisted in these fibers. Because both of these peptides are generally regarded as pain transmitter candidates, our findings provide further evidence that changes in pancreatic nerves themselves might be responsible for the long-lasting pain syndrome in chronic pancreatitis.
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PMID:Changes in peptidergic innervation in chronic pancreatitis. 137 38

The central amygdaloid nucleus (ACe) is part of the amygdaloid complex that participates in adrenocorticotrophin secretion, stress-related reactions and behavioral functions. The ACe contains numerous glucocorticoid receptor (GR)-immunoreactive (IR) neurons, and in addition it has been shown to contain several neuropeptide-IR somata and nerve terminals. In order to study the relationship between the GR- and neuropeptide-IR structures we mapped the distribution of GR-like immunoreactivity (LI) in amygdaloid complex and colocalized the neuropeptide- and GR-LIs in the ACe. In the amygdaloid complex the central, medial and cortical nuclei contained a high number of GR-IR neurons, whereas a moderate number of GR-IR neurons were observed in the basolateral and basomedial nuclei. Only a few GR-IR neurons were seen in the lateral nucleus. In the ACe, the majority of corticotrophin-releasing factor (CRF)-, met-enkephalin (met-ENK)-, neurotensin (NT)- and somatostatin (SOM)-IR neurons contained also GR-IR. About half of the substance P (SP)-IR neurons were seen to contain GR-IR, whereas only some of the few vasoactive intestinal polypeptide and cholecystokinin-IR neurons showed GR-LI. Nerve terminals containing calcitonin gene-related peptide and the above mentioned peptides were seen in close contact with the GR-IR neurons. These results suggest that the glucocorticoids may modulate directly the neurotransmitter synthesis of the CRF-, met-ENK, NT-, SOM- and SP-IR cells in the ACe.
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PMID:Colocalization of peptide and glucocorticoid receptor immunoreactivities in rat central amygdaloid nucleus. 137 77


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