Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: UNIPROT:Q04609 (prostate-specific membrane antigen)
 1,287 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The detection and elimination of minimal systemic disease in patients with solid tumors is one of the main current topics in clinical oncology. The present review focuses, therefore, on new diagnostic approaches to identify minimal disease in peripheral blood, bone marrow, and lymph nodes of patients with epithelial cancer as the major type of solid tumors in Western industrialized countries. These approaches may be used to improve tumor staging and monitoring of adjuvant therapies, as well as to detect tumor cell contamination in autologous stem cell grafts. Most investigators have developed either immunocytochemical assays with monoclonal antibodies to a variety of epithelial-specific cytoskeleton and membrane antigens or molecular methods based on the extensive amplification of a specific (c)DNA sequence by the polymerase-chain reaction (PCR). In immunocytochemical assays, antibodies to cytokeratins can be regarded as the most specific and sensitive probes to detect isolated epithelial tumor cells in bone marrow and blood. Molecular methods are based on the detection of either mutations in oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes (e.g., ki-ras and p53 genes) or the mRNA expression of tissue-specific and tumor-associated genes. mRNA species targeted in these assays encode cytokeratins, prostate-specific antigen, prostate-specific membrane antigen, carcinoembryonic antigen, and polymorphic-epithelial mucin. To introduce the available methods into clinical practice, standardized protocols need to be developed and validated in multi-center studies.
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PMID:Detection of minimal disease in patients with solid tumors. 887 11

The relative expression of mucin antigens MUC1, MUC2, MUC3, MUC4, MUC5AC, MUC5B, and MUC7 and glycoprotein antigens KSA, carcinoembryonic antigen, prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA), HER-2/neu, and human chorionic gonadotropin-beta on different cancers and normal tissues is difficult to determine from available reports. We have compared the distribution of these antigens by immunohistology on a broad range of malignant and normal tissues. MUC1 expression was most intense in cancers of breast, lung, ovarian, and endometrial origin; MUC2 was most intense in cancers of colon and prostate origin; and MUC5AC was most intense in cancers of breast and gastric origin. MUC4 was intensely expressed in 50% of cancers of colon and pancreas origin, and MUC3, MUC5B, and MUC7 were expressed in a variety of epithelial cancers, but not so intensely. KSA was intensely and uniformly expressed on all epithelial cancers; carcinoembryonic antigen was expressed in most cancers of breast, lung, colon, pancreas, and gastric origin; and PSMA was expressed only in cancers of prostate origin. Human chorionic gonadotropin-beta was expressed on the majority of sarcomas and cancers of breast, lung, and pancreas origin, although intense staining was not seen. Staining on normal tissues was restricted to one or many normal epithelial tissues ranging from MUC3, MUC4, and PSMA, which were expressed only on epithelia of pancreas, stomach, and prostate origin, respectively, to MUC1 and KSA, which were expressed on most normal epithelia. Expression was restricted to the secretory borders of these epithelia while stroma and other normal tissues were completely negative. These results plus the results of the two previous papers (S. Zhang et al, Int. J. Cancer, 73: 42-49, 1997; S. Zhang et al., Int. J. Cancer, 73: 50-56, 1997) in this series provide the basis for selection of multiple cell surface antigens as targets for antibody-mediated attack against these cancers.
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PMID:Selection of tumor antigens as targets for immune attack using immunohistochemistry: protein antigens. 982 29

Molecular imaging has moved to the forefront of drug development and biomedical research. The identification of appropriate imaging targets has become the touchstone for the accurate diagnosis and prognosis of human cancer. Particularly, cell surface- or membrane-bound proteins are attractive imaging targets for their aberrant expression, easily accessible location, and unique biochemical functions in tumor cells. Previously, we published a literature mining of potential targets for our in-house enzyme-mediated cancer imaging and therapy technology. Here we present a simple and integrated bioinformatics analysis approach that assembles a public cancer microarray database with a pathway knowledge base for ascertaining and prioritizing upregulated genes encoding cell surface- or membrane-bound proteins, which could serve imaging targets. As examples, we obtained lists of potential hits for six common and lethal human tumors in the prostate, breast, lung, colon, ovary, and pancreas. As control tests, a number of well-known cancer imaging targets were detected and confirmed by our study. Further, by consulting gene-disease and protein-disease databases, we suggest a number of significantly upregulated genes as promising imaging targets, including cell surface-associated mucin-1, prostate-specific membrane antigen, hepsin, urokinase plasminogen activator receptor, and folate receptors. By integrating pathway analysis, we are able to organize and map "focused" interaction networks derived from significantly dysregulated entity pairs to reflect important cellular functions in disease processes. We provide herein an example of identifying a tumor cell growth and proliferation subnetwork for prostate cancer. This systematic mining approach can be broadly applied to identify imaging or therapeutic targets for other human diseases.
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PMID:General approach to identifying potential targets for cancer imaging by integrated bioinformatics analysis of publicly available genomic profiles. 2143 57