Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UNIPROT:P62988 (Ubiquitin)
 4,326 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The action of the purified thymic factor, thymopoietin, on populations of post-thymic lymphocytes has been studied. Thymopoietin, at concentrations as low as 1.5 ng/ml, uniquely enhanced the proliferative response of peripheral T cells from lymph node and spleen to allogeneic stimulation. Enhancement of the allogeneic response (MLR) was not produced by several polypeptide hormones, including insulin, ACTH, HCG, or Ubiquitin. Treatment of spleen cells with anti-Thy-1 antiserum almost completely abolished the MLR. Thymopoietin's stimulatory effects could not reverse this. Thymopoietin treatment of Thy-1+-enriched spleen cell populations enhanced the MLR even when thymopoietin was removed as early as 2 min after incubation with responding cells. The interaction of thymopoietin with peripheral Thy-1+ cell populations produced a rapid and transient rise in cyclic GMP levels and slightly decreased cyclic AMP levels. These results suggest that thymopoietin interacts with one or more Thy-1+ subpopulations and that this interaction involves early changes in cyclic nucleotide metabolism.
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PMID:Thymopoietin enhances the allogeneic response and cyclic GMP levels of mouse peripheral, thymus-derived lymphocytes. 20 73

The effects of synthetic thymopoeitin32-36 and purified ubiquitin, in daily doses of 1 or 10 microgram, were studied in New Zealand mice. The most striking result was a 4-month delay in the appearance of Coombs' positive tests or Coombs' antibodies in New Zealand black (NZB) mice treated from 4 wk of age with ubiquitin. Ubiquitin also reduced the spleen weight in the animals and stimulated suppressor T cell activity in shorter term studies of older NZB and black and white (B/W) mice. Thymopoietin was also active in this assay and improved the mitogen responsiveness of lymph node cells in older treated NZB and B/W mice. Thymopoietin injections, from 4 wk of age, reduced the titer of Coombs' antibodies and thymocytotoxic antibodies in NZB mice and caused an increase in Thy 1+ spleen cells in these animals. In correspondingly treated B/W mice, thymopoietin reduced the anti-DNA antibody titer. While our present injection protocol did not result in clinical cure of the genetically determined autoimmune diseases of NZB and B/W mice, they do point to the feasibility of selective immunoregulation by these peptides in diseases associated with altered states of immune reactivity.
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PMID:The effect of thymopoietin32-36 and ubiquitin on spontaneous immunopathology of New Zealand mice. 31 25

The complete amino acid sequence was determined for bovine ubiquitin, and adenylate cyclase stimulating polypeptide, which is probably represented universally in living cells. Ubiquitin has a molecular weight of 8451 and consists of a single polypeptide chain containing 74 amino acid residues. It contains four arginine residues but no cysteine or trytophan residues. The first 61 amino acid residues were obtained by automated Edman degradations. Tryptic digestion of maleated ubiquitin yielded four peptide fragments that were resolved by molecular sieve chromatography and coded in order of decreasing chain length (MT-1, MT-2, MT-3, and MT-4). The automated sequenator determinations on native ubiquintin provided overlapping sequence data for three of these fragments that gave an order of MT-1, MT-3, and then MT-2; Peptide MT-4, a dipeptide, was therefore assigned to the C terminus, and the placement of peptide MT-2 was corroborated by analysis of data from carboxypeptidase digestions of maleated ubiquitin. Peptide MT-2 was domaleated and sequenced by manual Edman degradations through a single lysine residue. It was cleaved at this residue with trypsin, and the two resultant peptides were separated by ion-exchange chromatography. Manual sequencing of the C-terminal demaleated tryptic peptide of MT-2 completed the sequence of MT-2 and that of native ubiquitin. The sequence of ubiquitin was further confirmed and supported by amino acid and parital sequence anlysis of fragments obtained by digestion of maleated ubiquitin with chymotrypsin or staphylococcal protease.
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PMID:The complete amino acid sequence of ubiquitin, an adenylate cyclase stimulating polypeptide probably universal in living cells. 117 Aug 80

Recently we were able to show that calmodulin from vertebrates, plants (spinach) and the mold Neurospora crassa can be covalently conjugated to ubiquitin in a Ca(2+)-dependent manner by ubiquityl-calmodulin synthetase (uCaM-synthetase) from mammalian sources [R. Ziegenhagen and H.P. Jennissen (1990) FEBS Lett. 273, 253-256]. It was therefore of high interest to investigate whether this covalent modification of calmodulin also occurs in one of the simplest eukaryotes, the unicellular Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Yeast calmodulin was therefore purified from bakers yeast. In contrast to calmodulin from spinach and N. crassa it does not activate phosphorylase kinase. Crude yeast uCaM-synthetase conjugated ubiquitin Ca(2+)-dependently to yeast and mammalian (bovine) calmodulin. Yeast calmodulin was also a substrate for mammalian (reticulocyte) uCaM-synthetase. As estimated from autoradiograms the monoubiquitination product (first-order conjugate) of yeast calmodulin has an apparent molecular mass of ca. 23-26 kDa and the second-order conjugate an apparent molecular mass of ca. 28-32 kDa. Two to three ubiquitin molecules can be incorporated per yeast calmodulin. Experiments with methylated ubiquitin in the heterologous reticulocyte system indicate that, as with vertebrate calmodulins, only one lysine residue of yeast calmodulin reacts with ubiquitin so that the incorporation of multiple ubiquitin molecules will lead to a polyubiquitin chain. These results also indicate that the ability of coupling ubiquitin to calmodulin was acquired at a very early stage in evolution.
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PMID:Ca(2+)-dependent ubiquitination of calmodulin in yeast. 130 6

Immunocytochemically, neuropil threads (curly fibers) were investigated in the Alzheimer's disease brain using a confocal laser scanning fluorescence microscope by double labeling with tau/ubiquitin antibodies. Ubiquitin immunoreactivities were found to be lacking at one or both ends in more than 40% of tau-positive threads. Immunoelectron microscopy showed that bundles of paired helical filaments, which constitute neuropil threads, were positive for ubiquitin around their midportions, but often negative at their ends. Since it is reasonable to postulate that tau deposition as paired helical filaments precedes ubiquitination, the aforementioned observation suggests that the ends of the threads are newly formed portions, and thus the threads are often growing bidirectionally in small neuronal processes.
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PMID:Lack of ubiquitin immunoreactivities at both ends of neuropil threads. Possible bidirectional growth of neuropil threads. 131 Aug 31

Ubiquitin-dependent selective protein degradation serves to eliminate abnormal proteins and provides controlled short half-lives to certain cellular proteins, including proteins of regulatory function such as phytochrome, yeast MAT alpha 2 repressor, p53 and cyclin. Moreover, ubiquitin-dependent proteolysis is thought to play an essential role during development and in programmed cell death. We have cloned a gene from Drosophila melanogaster, UbcD1, coding for a protein with striking sequence similarity to the yeast ubiquitin-conjugating enzymes UBC4 and UBC5. These closely related yeast enzymes are known to be central components of a major proteolytic pathway of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. By doing a precise open reading frame replacement in the yeast genome we could show that the Drosophila UbcD1 enzyme can functionally substitute for yeast UBC4. UbcD1 driven by the UBC4 promoter rescues growth defects and temperature sensitivity of yeast ubc4 ubc5 double mutant cells. Moreover, expression of UbcD1 restores proteolysis proficiency in the ubc4 ubc5 double mutant, indicating that the Drosophila enzyme also mediates protein degradation. This structural and functional conservation suggests that the UbcD1-UBC4-UBC5 class of enzymes defines a major proteolytic pathway in probably all eukaryotes.
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PMID:Drosophila UbcD1 encodes a highly conserved ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme involved in selective protein degradation. 131 Sep 35

From a V79 Chinese hamster genomic library, we isolated a clone containing a polyubiquitin gene (designated as CHUB1), and determined its nucleotide sequence. The coding region of the CHUB1 gene consisted of five direct repeats of the ubiquitin unit with no spacer, followed by a single tyrosine residue. Northern hybridization analysis with a synthesized probe specific to the 3' non-translated region of the CHUB1 gene revealed that it codes for a 1.8 kb mRNA. An evident homology to the human polyubiquitin gene UbB and the chicken UbI gene was observed in the region corresponding to the full extent of the mature mRNA sequence, suggesting that these three genes belong to a common polyubiquitin gene subfamily, and that the sequence in the 3' non-translated region of the CHUB1 gene is unique to this subfamily.
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PMID:Evolutionarily conserved structure of the 3' non-translated region of a Chinese hamster polyubiquitin gene. 131 94

Ubiquitin, an evolutionary highly conserved protein, is known to be involved in selective proteolysis in the cytoplasm. Here we show that ubiquitin-protein conjugates are also found in the yeast vacuole. Mutants defective in the major vacuolar endopeptidases, proteinase yscA and yscB, lead to accumulation of ubiquitin-protein conjugates in this cellular organelle.
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PMID:Ubiquitin, a central component of selective cytoplasmic proteolysis, is linked to proteins residing at the locus of non-selective proteolysis, the vacuole. 131 42

Immunocytochemical detection of ubiquitin in the nucleus of rat LH cells and the effects of castration and testosterone replacement on the occurrence of immunoreactive ubiquitin in the nucleus were investigated. Immunoreactive ubiquitin occurred in certain nuclei, mostly belonging to identified LH cells. The concentration of testosterone in blood was altered by castration and implantation of testosterone into castrated rats, and the occurrence of ubiquitin was examined weekly for the following 4 weeks. In castrated rats, the proportion of LH cells with ubiquitin-immunoreactive nuclei was high throughout the experiment. In castrated rats implanted with testosterone, on the contrary, the proportion remained significantly lower. Ubiquitin may be involved in the cellular activity of LH cells in the rat pituitary.
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PMID:Increase in ubiquitin-immunoreactive nuclei in rat pituitary luteinizing hormone cells after castration. 131 47

The expression of the polyubiquitin-encoding gene (ubq-1) of Caenorhabditis elegans was analysed using transgenic nematode lines carrying translational ubq-1::lacZ fusions. Animals carrying a construct consisting of 938 bp of ubq-1 upstream sequences fused to lacZ (ubq938::lacZ) expressed beta Gal in embryos and in a tissue-general manner in 20% of L1 larvae. Somatic expression in later stages was usually confined to body muscle. Progressively larger deletions extending from the 5' end of ubq938::lacZ did not significantly alter the pattern of expression until 827 bp of sequence had been removed. Thus, sequences upstream from the transcription start point, including a G+C-rich block and a sequence resembling a TATA box (GAATAA), are not required to generate the expression pattern seen with ubq938::lacZ. Moreover, a basal level of expression was maintained in embryos when 903 bp were deleted. These results suggest that the promoter elements required for efficient expression of ubq-1 may reside within the transcribed region of the gene; alternatively, they must lie more than 1.7 kb upstream or 0.8 kb downstream from this region. Polymerase chain reaction analysis indicates that RNA molecules transcribed from the ubq938::lacZ and ubq delta 827::lacZ transgenes are trans-spliced to SL1, as is ubq-1 RNA.
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PMID:Expression of the polyubiquitin-encoding gene (ubq-1) in transgenic Caenorhabditis elegans. 131 99


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