Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: UNIPROT:P62988 (Ubiquitin)
 4,326 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

We have sought to determine whether insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) regulates the levels of insulin receptor substrate-1 (IRS-1) in prostate epithelial cells. Exposure of prostate epithelial cells to IGF-I in the absence of other growth factors leads to a reduction in IRS-1 levels. Ubiquitin content of IRS-1 is increased in the presence of IGF-I, and inhibitors of the proteasome prevented the reduction of IRS-1 levels seen following IGF-I exposure. These results imply that IRS-1 is targeted to the proteasome upon exposure to IGF-I. The addition of epidermal growth factor (EGF) maintained IRS-1 levels even in the presence of IGF-I and inhibits IGF-I-dependent ubiquitination of IRS-1. Thus, these two growth factors, IGF-I and EGF, had antagonistic effects on IRS-1 protein levels in prostate epithelial cells. This regulation of IRS-1 reveals a novel level of cross-talk between the IGF-I and EGF signal pathways, which may have implications in tumors that harbor activating mutations in the EGF receptor.
 ...
PMID:Insulin-like growth factor I-mediated degradation of insulin receptor substrate-1 is inhibited by epidermal growth factor in prostate epithelial cells. 1081 32

Downregulation of protein tyrosine kinases is a major function of the multidomain protein c-Cbl. This effect of c-Cbl is critical for both negative regulation of normal physiological stimuli and suppression of cellular transformation. In spite of the apparent importance of these effects of c-Cbl, their own regulation is poorly understood. To search for possible novel regulators of c-Cbl, we purified a number of c-Cbl-associated proteins by affinity chromatography and identified them by mass spectrometry. Among them, we identified the UBA- and SH3-containing protein T-cell Ubiquitin LigAnd (TULA), which can also bind to ubiquitin. Functional studies in a model system based on co-expression of TULA, c-Cbl, and EGF receptor in 293T cells demonstrate that TULA is capable of inhibiting c-Cbl-mediated downregulation of EGF receptor. Furthermore, modulation of TULA concentration in Jurkat T-lymphoblastoid cells demonstrates that TULA upregulates the activity of both Zap kinase and NF-AT transcription factor. Therefore, our study indicates that TULA counters the inhibitory effect of c-Cbl on protein tyrosine kinases and, thus, may be involved in the regulation of biological effects of c-Cbl. Finally, our results suggest that TULA-mediated inhibition of the effects of c-Cbl on protein tyrosine kinases is caused by TULA-induced ubiquitylation and degradation of c-Cbl.
 ...
PMID:TULA: an SH3- and UBA-containing protein that binds to c-Cbl and ubiquitin. 1510 35

The JAMM (JAB1/MPN/Mov34 metalloenzyme) motif has been proposed to provide the active site for isopeptidase activity associated with the Rpn11/POH1 subunit of the 19S-proteasome and the Csn5-subunit of the signalosome. We have looked for similar activity in associated molecule with the SH3 domain of STAM (AMSH), a JAMM domain-containing protein that associates with the SH3-domain of STAM, a protein, which regulates receptor sorting at the endosome. We demonstrate isopeptidase activity against K48-linked tetraubiquitin and K63-linked polyubiquitin chains to generate di-ubiquitin and free ubiquitin, respectively. An inactivating mutation (D348A) in AMSH leads to accumulation of ubiquitin on endosomes and the concomitant stabilization of a ubiquitinated form of STAM, which requires an intact ubiquitin interaction motif (UIM) within STAM. Short interfering RNA knockdown of AMSH enhances the degradation rate of EGF receptor (EGFR) following acute stimulation and ubiquitinated EGFR provides a substrate for AMSH in vitro. We propose that AMSH is a deubiquitinating enzyme with functions at the endosome, which oppose the ubiquitin-dependent sorting of receptors to lysosomes.
 ...
PMID:AMSH is an endosome-associated ubiquitin isopeptidase. 1531 65

AMSH is an endosomal ubiquitin isopeptidase that can limit EGF receptor downregulation . It directly binds to the SH3 domain of STAM, which is constitutively associated with Hrs, a component of clathrin-coated structures on endosomes. This clathrin coat has been implicated in the recruitment of ubiquitinated growth factor receptors prior to their incorporation into internal vesicles of the multivesicular body (MVB) , through the concerted action of ESCRT complexes I, II, and III . We now show that AMSH is embedded within a network of interactions with components of the MVB-sorting machinery. AMSH and STAM, like Hrs , both bind directly to clathrin. AMSH also interacts with mVps24/CHMP3, a component of ESCRT III complex, and this interaction is reinforced through simultaneous STAM binding. We have explored the effect of interacting components on the in vitro enzymatic activity of AMSH. The enzyme shows specificity for K63- over K48-linked polyubiquitin chains in vitro and is markedly stimulated by coincubation with STAM, indicating that activation of AMSH is coupled to its association with the MVB-sorting machinery. Other interacting factors do not directly stimulate AMSH but may serve to orient the enzyme with respect to substrates on the endosomal membrane.
 ...
PMID:Activation of the endosome-associated ubiquitin isopeptidase AMSH by STAM, a component of the multivesicular body-sorting machinery. 1643 67

Ubiquitination of the EGF receptor (EGFR) is believed to play a critical role in regulating both its localization and its stability. To elucidate the role of EGFR ubiquitination, tandem mass spectrometry was used to identify six distinct lysine residues within the kinase domain of the EGFR, which can be conjugated to ubiquitin following growth factor stimulation. Substitution of these lysine residues with arginines resulted in a dramatic decrease in overall ubiquitination but preserved normal tyrosine phosphorylation of EGFR. Ubiquitination-deficient EGFR mutants displayed a severe defect in their turnover rates but were internalized at rates comparable to those of wild-type receptors. Finally, quantitative mass spectrometry demonstrated that more than 50% of all EGFR bound ubiquitin was in the form of polyubiquitin chains, primarily linked through Lys63. Taken together, these data provide direct evidence for the role of EGFR ubiquitination in receptor targeting to the lysosome and implicate Lys63-linked polyubiquitin chains in this sorting process.
 ...
PMID:Differential regulation of EGF receptor internalization and degradation by multiubiquitination within the kinase domain. 1654 44

The mechanism of ubiquitin-dependent endocytosis of cell surface proteins is not completely understood. Here we examine the role of the ankyrin repeat domain (Ankrd) 13A, 13B, and 13D proteins, which constitute a functionally unknown family of ubiquitin-interacting motif (UIM)-bearing proteins, in the process. Stimulation of human HeLa cells with epidermal growth factor (EGF) rapidly induced direct binding of Ankrd 13 proteins to ubiquitinated EGF receptor (EGFR) via the UIMs. The binding was inhibited when the Ankrd 13 proteins underwent UIM-dependent monoubiquitination, suggesting that their activity is regulated by ubiquitination of themselves. Ankrd 13 proteins bound specifically to Lys-63-linked ubiquitin chains, which was consistent with a previous report that EGFR mainly undergoes Lys-63-linked polyubiquitination. Ankrd 13 proteins were anchored, via the central region and UIMs, to the plasma membrane, where they colocalized with EGFR. Finally, overexpression of wild-type as well as truncated-mutant Ankrd 13 proteins strongly inhibited rapid endocytosis of ubiquitinated EGFR from the surface in EGF-treated cells. We conclude that by binding to the Lys-63-linked polyubiquitin moiety of EGFR at the plasma membrane, Ankrd 13 proteins regulate the rapid internalization of ligand-activated EGFR.
 ...
PMID:The Ankrd 13 family of UIM-bearing proteins regulates EGF receptor endocytosis from the plasma membrane. 2229 28

ERBB receptors have an important function in mammalian development and normal physiology, but overexpression and poor downregulation of ERBB receptors have been associated with malignant growth. Ligand-induced ERBB receptor signaling is terminated by clathrin-dependent receptor endocytosis, followed by incorporation of activated receptor complexes into multi-vesicular bodies and subsequent degradation in lysosomes. In the case of ERBB1, also known as the EGF receptor, it has been shown that ubiquitination serves as a signal to facilitate internalization and subsequent endosomal sorting, but little is known about the role of ubiquitination of other ERBB receptors. In the present study we investigated the regulation of ubiquitination and deubiquitination of the ERBB4 CYT-1 and CYT-2 isoforms in the context of chimeric EGFR-ERBB4 receptors. We demonstrate that EGFR-ERBB4 CYT-2 chimera shows decreased ligand-induced downregulation and EGF-degradation, as well as enhanced EGF recycling, when compared to EGFR-ERBB4 CYT-1. Moreover we show that the mutation Y1103F in the binding site for Cbl which is present in both CYT-1 and CYT-2, does not influence ERBB4 endosomal trafficking. We further demonstrate that total ligand-induced ubiquitination of CYT-1 is higher than that of CYT-2, whereby CYT-1 ubiquitination is mainly dependent on the PPXY(1056) Itch binding site for the E3-ligase Itch which is only present in CYT-1, while that of CYT-2 is dependent on the Y1103 Cbl binding site. The E3-ligase c-Cbl is more efficiently phosphorylated upon EGF stimulation of the CYT-2 than the CYT-1 isoform. Moreover our data show that the pY1103 Cbl binding site is required for K48-polyubiquitination of both CYT-1 and CYT-2, whereas the PPXY(1056) Itch binding site is required for K63-polyubiquitination of CYT-1. We further demonstrate that EGF stimulation of EGFR-ERBB4 CYT-1 and CYT-2 does not result in efficient binding to and tyrosine phosphorylation of the ESCRT-0 subunit Hrs. Finally, even though CYT-1 shows ligand-induced K63-polyubiquitination, it is not subjected to deubiquitination by the K63 polyubiquitin-specific AMSH deubiquitinating enzyme, while CYT-1 is slightly deubiquitinated by USP8. We conclude that Cbl and Itch binding sites in ERBB4 CYT-1 and CYT-2 mediate K48- and K63-polyubiquitination, respectively.
 ...
PMID:Cbl and Itch binding sites in ERBB4 CYT-1 and CYT-2 mediate K48- and K63-polyubiquitination, respectively. 2315 81