Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UNIPROT:P62988 (Ubiquitin)
 4,326 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

A cDNA of the sea urchin Strongylocentrotus purpuratus was identified as encoding polyubiquitin and used to detect a single gene with transcripts containing multiple ubiquitin coding units. Polyubiquitin transcripts exist as a 3.2-kb RNA in polyribosomes and as three higher molecular weight RNAs in purified nuclei. The amount of polyubiquitin RNA is essentially constant at 10(4) -10(5) transcripts per embryo during the egg-to-blastula period and then declines during further development. Heat shock elicits a transient increase in the level of polyubiquitin RNA, while Zn(II) ions induce a sustained accumulation, that is influenced by developmental parameters: One round of Zn(II) induction elicits the accumulation of the nuclear 7.6- and 5.6-kb RNAs, as well as the 3.2-kb polysomal RNA; however, a second round of induction yields only the 5.6- and 3.2-kb RNAs, suggestive of a change in pre-mRNA size or processing. Polyubiquitin RNA is expressed equally in ectodermal and mesoendodermal tissues and is induced in both tissue fractions by treatment of pluteus larvae with Zn(II). However, in isolated and cultured tissue fractions, polyubiquitin RNA is not inducible by Zn(II), in contrast to the full inducibility of metallothionein mRNAs. Polyubiquitin RNA induction thus appears to be conditioned by the integrity of the embryo, as well as by previous exposure to inducer.
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PMID:Polyubiquitin RNA characteristics and conditional induction in sea urchin embryos. 164 80

A series of expression vectors has been constructed as based on the pML derivative of pBR322. The eukaryotic transcription units employ various promoters followed by polycloning sites for 3-9 commonly used restriction enzymes and are completed by the SV40 polyadenylation sequence. In 4 of the vectors, designed for co-transfection or transient expression studies, only a single transcription unit containing either a constitutive or an inducible promoter was incorporated. The human ubiquitin (UbC) promoter was used as a strong constitutive promoter, while the mouse metallothionein promoter and the promoter of the long terminal repeats of the mouse mammary tumor virus were used as inducible promoters. Another vector contained an additional transcription unit encoding a eukaryotic selection marker, the neomycin resistance encoding gene. The vectors were used in CHO cells and in neuroendocrine CA77 cells to synthesize peptide precursors, protease inhibitors and a protease. It is shown that these vectors are very efficient for the constitutive and inducible expression of nucleotide sequences in both transient and stable transfections of eukaryotic cells.
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PMID:Biosynthesis of peptide precursors and protease inhibitors using new constitutive and inducible eukaryotic expression vectors. 237 87

Ubiquitin is encoded as a variable, spacerless repeat of the gene terminating with an additional amino acid or as a gene coding for a single ubiquitin with a carboxyl-terminal extension of 52 to 80 amino acids. We report the identification and partial purification of enzymes that specifically hydrolyze the peptide bond between ubiquitin-ubiquitin conjugate (Ub-Ubase) or ubiquitin fusion proteins (Ub-Xase). The Ub-Ubase was separated from the Ub-Xase by dye-ligand-Sepharose chromatography. The Ub-Xase was purified further by affinity chromatography on ubiquitin-Sepharose. The fidelity of the endoprotease reaction was assessed by measuring the ability of the released ubiquitin to be activated by ubiquitin-activating enzyme (E1) which requires intact ubiquitin and by sequence analysis of the released carboxyl extension protein with 52 amino acids after endoproteolysis of human ubiquitin with 52-amino acid carboxyl extension. The failure of both Ub-Ubase and Ub-Xase to cleave a mutant ubiquitin-Gly-76----Ala-metallothionein showed that the endoproteases distinguish Gly-X from an Ala-X peptide bonds.
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PMID:Multiple (alpha-NH-ubiquitin)protein endoproteases in cells. 265 91

Histological and immunohistochemical findings in 20 cases of frontotemporal dementias-8 cases of dementia of frontal lobe type (DFT), 7 cases of Pick's disease (PD), and 5 cases of motor neuron disease with dementia (MND/D)-are presented. Common features of all three syndromes were: frontotemporal atrophy, involvement of subcortical nuclei, and swollen chromatolytic cells. Ubiquitin (Ub)-positive and tau-negative inclusions in cortical, hippocampal, and motor neurons were found in MND/D and DFT cases, suggesting a common pathogenesis of MND/D and DFT. MND/D showed the same cytoskeletal alterations in motor nuclei as MND without dementia: Bunina bodies and skein-like, Ub-positive inclusions. DFT differed from PD in the preponderance of histopathological changes in upper cortical layers, the sparseness of chromatolytic cells, and the absence of tau-positive Pick bodies (PBs). There were, however, two transitional cases showing Pick-type histology but no PBs, thus linking DFT and PD. PBs expressed chromogranin B and secretoneurin strongly, but chromogranin A only weakly. They were negative for the 70-kDa heat-shock protein, metallothionein, and glutathione-S-transferase.
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PMID:Different variants of frontotemporal dementia: a neuropathological and immunohistochemical study. 884 63

During fasting and many systemic diseases, muscle undergoes rapid loss of protein and functional capacity. To define the transcriptional changes triggering muscle atrophy and energy conservation in fasting, we used cDNA microarrays to compare mRNAs from muscles of control and food-deprived mice. Expression of >94% of genes did not change, but interesting patterns emerged among genes that were differentially expressed: 1) mRNAs encoding polyubiquitin, ubiquitin extension proteins, and many (but not all) proteasome subunits increased, which presumably contributes to accelerated protein breakdown; 2) a dramatic increase in mRNA for the ubiquitin ligase, atrogin-1, but not most E3s; 3) a significant suppression of mRNA for myosin binding protein H (but not other myofibrillar proteins) and IGF binding protein 5, which may favor cell protein loss; 4) decreases in mRNAs for several glycolytic enzymes and phosphorylase kinase subunits, and dramatic increases in mRNAs for pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase 4 and glutamine synthase, which should promote glucose sparing and gluconeogenesis. During fasting, metallothionein mRNA increased dramatically, mRNAs for extracellular matrix components fell, and mRNAs that may favor cap-independent mRNA translation rose. Significant changes occurred in mRNAs for many growth-related proteins and transcriptional regulators. These transcriptional changes indicate a complex adaptive program that should favor protein degradation and suppress glucose oxidation in muscle. Similar analysis of muscles atrophying for other causes is allowing us to identify a set of atrophy-specific changes in gene expression.
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PMID:Patterns of gene expression in atrophying skeletal muscles: response to food deprivation. 1240 12

Plant roots are the primary site of perception and injury for salinity stress. In order to characterize the complexity of adaptation to salty environments in roots of Tamarix hispida, a woody halophyte, expressed sequence tag (EST) analysis was performed. Three cDNA libraries were generated from root tissues of T. hispida that were exposed to 0.4 M NaCl for 0 (control), 24 and 48 h. A total of 7726 ESTs were generated from the three libraries, and were assembled into 1142 contigs and 3026 singletons. EST analysis was performed to compare gene expression in the three cDNA libraries. Ninety redundant unique transcripts responsive to NaCl treatment were identified. Of them, 21 genes were novel or of unknown function while others were involved in the functional activities, such as ROS scavenging, lipid metabolism, osmolyte biosynthesis, signal transduction, transport, lignin synthesis and homeostasis. The genes, including those for metallothionein-like protein, polyubiquitin, hypothetical protein, and glycine-rich cell wall structural protein, were abundant in the libraries and showed obvious up-regulation after NaCl treatments, suggesting important roles in NaCl tolerance. The results of this study may contribute to our understanding of the molecular mechanism of salt tolerance in the roots of plants.
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PMID:Identification of genes responsive to salt stress on Tamarix hispida roots. 1914 31