Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: UNIPROT:P61278 (somatostatin)
 22,083 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Somatostatin 1-14, a natural occurring neuropeptide (Somiaton), has been reported to have analgesic effects in humans in different painful conditions. The aim of the present study was to investigate if epidural somatostatin produced clinical analgesia to postoperative pain after upper abdominal surgery. In a randomized double-blind controlled study, 40 patients received either 125 micrograms of epidural somatostatin infusions every hour (using a continuous infusion pump: CADD-PCA model 5200 PCX, Pharmacia) or placebo: mannitol (somatostatin inactif ingredient) 2.5 mg during the first 3 postoperative days (plus additional pulses of either substance, 250 micrograms or 5 mg, respectively, according to the level of analgesia needed by the patient). Additional subcutaneous analgesic treatment with 1 mg/kg pethidine chlorhydrate was administered at the patient's request. The degree of pain was quantified with visual analogue scale at baseline, 1 h after the operation and at every 4 h for the next 3 days. Arterial blood gases and spirometry values were determined at different intervals throughout the study period. Somatostatin was significantly better than placebo for pain relief (P < 0.01) and respiratory function preservation (P < 0.05). The total consumption (and ranges) of somatostatin at 24, 48 and 72 h were: 5.2 +/- 1.4 mg (4.0-6.25 mg), 4.2 +/- 0.8 mg (2.2-5.0 mg) and 3.7 +/- 0.4 mg (2.2-4.7 mg) respectively. During the whole study the need for complementary analgesia (pethidine chlorhydrate) was significantly higher in the placebo group: 5.4 +/- 3.5 vs. 2.7 +/- 1.9 (mean +/- SD) P < 0.01, dose/72 h. Side effects were irrelevant and scarce in both groups. The sustained pain relief combined with the respiratory function preservation in the somatostatin group suggests an important role of this drug in postoperative analgesia.
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PMID:Epidural somatostatin as an analgesic in upper abdominal surgery: a double-blind study. 865 41

Surgical or medical androgen deprivation therapy in its multiple variants represents the standard therapeutic approach in the management of metastatic prostate cancer resulting in a primary response rate of about 90%. However, about 90% of the men treated will develop PSA progression within 3-4 years resulting in androgen-independent and later on hormone-refractory prostate cancer. Management of AIPCA and HRPCA still represents a therapeutic challenge despite the development of new and effective treatment options. PSA progression following primary ADT defines an androgen-refractory but still hormone-sensitive PCA which might respond to secondary hormonal manipulations such as antiandrogen withdrawal, addition of nonsteroidal antiandrogens, and administration of estrogens, ketoconazole and hydrocortisone, and somatostatin analogues. Secondary hormonal manipulations will result in a PSA decline >50% in about 60-80% of the patients with a mean duration of 7-17 months depending on the type of treatment. PSA progression following secondary endocrine treatment defines hormone-refractory prostate cancer (HRPCA) which might be treated by systemic chemotherapy. Based on the results of two prospective, randomized clinical phase III trials comparing docetaxel and mitoxantrone, docetaxel results in a statistically significant survival benefit of 2.5 months, a significantly higher PSA and pain response, and represents the treatment of choice in the management of HRPCA. Bisphosphonates such as zoledronate represent another cornerstone in the management of PSA-progressive PCA demonstrating a significant benefit with regard to the prevention of skeletal-related events. Furthermore, bisphosphonates might be indicated in the treatment of symptomatic bone pain as has been demonstrated for ibandronate and zoledronate. The current article critically reflects on the various therapeutic options in the management of PSA progression following primary androgen deprivation for advanced prostate cancer. The development, rationale, and results of systemic chemotherapy are discussed critically and a therapeutic algorithm is demonstrated.
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PMID:[Treatment options for hormone-refractory prostate cancer]. 1623 41

The tissue factor (TF) pathway is the primary mechanism for initiation of blood coagulation. Circulating blood contains TF, which originates mainly from monocytes and is thrombogenic. The presence of somatostatin (SMS) receptors on monocytes suggests the possibility that SMS may regulate TF synthesis and/or release. Circulating TF procoagulant activity (TF-PCA), factor VIIa activity (FVIIa; clotting assays), TF antigen (TF-Ag; ELISA), prothrombin fragment 1.2 (F1.2), thrombin-antithrombin complexes (ELISAs), CD40 ligand expression on platelets, and monocyte-platelet aggregates (flow cytometry) were determined in blood from normal volunteers undergoing 24 h of basal glucose/basal insulin (BG/BI) clamps and high-glucose/high-insulin (HG/HI) clamps with and without SMS. Infusions of SMS under basal conditions (BG/BI) raised TF-PCA 1.8-fold (P < 0.03), TF-Ag 2.3-fold (P < 0.001), and TF expression on monocytes by 36% (P < 0.001) and decreased plasma levels of FVIIa by 30% (P < 0.001). Infusion of SMS reduced the 8.6-fold HG/HI-induced increase in TF-Ag by 26% and the 8.6-fold increase in TF-PCA by 100%. SMS also prevented the 60% increase in TF expression on monocytes, the 2.2-fold increase in F1.2, the 40% increase in CD40L expression on platelets, and the 17% increase in monocyte-platelet aggregates seen during HG/HI. We conclude that SMS completely prevented HG/HI-induced TF activation in normal volunteers and may be of use to reduce the procoagulant state and acute vascular events in hyperinsulinemic insulin-resistant patients with type 2 diabetes.
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PMID:Differential effects of somatostatin on circulating tissue factor procoagulant activity and protein. 1721 71

Tissue factor (TF) is the primary initiator of blood coagulation. Circulating TF procoagulant activity (TF-PCA) is associated with blood cells and microparticles and is elevated in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Combined hyperinsulinemia and hyperglycemia and to a lesser degree selective hyperinsulinemia for 24 hours in healthy volunteers increased circulating TF-PCA, monocyte TF surface expression and mRNA, plasma thrombin generation, and coagulation factors VII and VIII activities, suggesting that the coagulation system had been activated. In addition, platelet CD40L and platelet-monocyte aggregates increased, indicating platelet activation. Somatostatin abolished these changes. We conclude that hyperinsulinemia, but particularly the combination of hyperinsulinemia and hyperglycemia, creates a prothrombotic state and may, in addition, be proinflammatory and proatherogenic by virtue of the actions of CD40L and TF.
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PMID:Effects of hyperglycemia and hyperinsulinemia on the tissue factor pathway of blood coagulation. 1754 39

Deciphering the circuitry of the neocortex requires knowledge of its components, making a systematic classification of neocortical neurons necessary. GABAergic interneurons contribute most of the morphological, electrophysiological and molecular diversity of the cortex, yet interneuron subtypes are still not well defined. To quantitatively identify classes of interneurons, 59 GFP-positive interneurons from a somatostatin-positive mouse line were characterized by whole-cell recordings and anatomical reconstructions. For each neuron, we measured a series of physiological and morphological variables and analyzed these data using unsupervised classification methods. PCA and cluster analysis of morphological variables revealed three groups of cells: one comprised of Martinotti cells, and two other groups of interneurons with short asymmetric axons targeting layers 2/3 and bending medially. PCA and cluster analysis of electrophysiological variables also revealed the existence of these three groups of neurons, particularly with respect to action potential time course. These different morphological and electrophysiological characteristics could make each of these three interneuron subtypes particularly suited for a different function within the cortical circuit.
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PMID:Quantitative classification of somatostatin-positive neocortical interneurons identifies three interneuron subtypes. 2061 86