Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UNIPROT:P61278 (somatostatin)
 22,083 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Tumor tissue located in the occipital lobe with hemorrhage was obtained from a 19-year-old patient. Histological examination indicated it to consist of undifferentiated small, round cells without neuronal or glial differentiation, and possibly to be a type of primitive neuroectodermal tumor. The tumor cells were cultured for 3 years and a continuous cell line (KK-2) was established. KK-2 was transplantable to nude mice. With immunocytochemistry, neuron-specific enolase, protein gene product 9.5, vimentin, TUJ1 (a monoclonal antibody specific for neuron-associated class III beta-tubulin isotype) and 6H7 (a monoclonal antibody to NCAM produced by us) were detected. None of the following could be found: glial fibrillary acidic protein, S-100 protein, neurofilament and synaptophysin, calcitonin gene-related peptide, gastrin releasing peptide corticotropin-releasing factor, substance P, somatostatin, chromogranin, aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase and tyrosine hydroxylase. The original tumor and KK-2 cells obtained after 3 years of culture and transplants in nude mice displayed essentially the same ultrastructural and immunohistochemical characteristics. KK-2 cells showed no differentiation to mature neuronal, glial or ependymal cells. This cell line may possibly serve as a useful model for studying cellular differentiation of human neuroectodermal tumors and normal neuronal development.
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PMID:A continuous cell line (KK-2) from a supratentorial primitive neuroectodermal tumor. 132 7

The uterus and vagina of the guinea pig have been examined, region by region, for acetylcholinesterase, tyrosine hydroxylase, dopamine beta-hydroxylase and aromatic amino acid decarboxylase activity, as well as for the neuropeptides, neuropeptide Y, vasoactive intestinal peptide, substance P, enkephalin and somatostatin. No acetylcholinesterase activity was localized in the uterus, though it was present in associated paracervical ganglion tissues. Of the catecholamine-synthesizing enzymes, tyrosine hydroxylase and dopamine beta-hydroxylase activity was found virtually throughout the reproductive tract, whereas aromatic amino acid decarboxylase activity was restricted in its distribution. Neuropeptide distribution was quite varied. Neuropeptide Y was found throughout the endometrium/submucosa but only in the muscularis of the vagina and not in the myometrium. Substance P was localized in the vagina and uterine horn, though not the body of the uterus. Vasoactive intestinal peptide was present in all regions of the endometrium/submucosa, but not in the myometrium of the uterine horn. Enkephalin and somatostatin were not localized in any part of the reproductive tract examined, apart from paracervical ganglion tissues. The types and significance of the nerves supplying the reproductive tract are discussed.
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PMID:An immunohistochemical study of the catecholamine synthesizing enzymes and neuropeptides in the female guinea-pig uterus and vagina. 135 70

The colchicine-induced accumulation of vasopressin (AVP) and oxytocin (OXT) has recently been applied to estimate the synthesis and turnover rates for these neuropeptides in whole rat hypothalamus. In the present studies, this pharmacologic procedure has been examined as a potential method for estimating hypothalamic somatostatin (SRIF) synthesis rate, and evaluated further for its utility in estimating nonapeptide synthesis in individual hypothalamic nuclei. Adult male rats received a single injection of colchicine (8 micrograms) into the third ventricle under pentobarbital anesthesia. Twenty-four hr later, immunoreactive (IR) levels of AVP and OXT increased considerably, as previously noted. Hypothalamic IR-SRIF levels, however, were unaffected. The absolute increases in IR-AVP and IR-OXT were greatest in the supraoptic nucleus (SON), with smaller increments in the para/periventricular hypothalamus (PVH) and the median eminence (ME). IR-SRIF levels showed no changes in the PVH or the ME. As a test, the method was applied to the detection of changes in AVP synthesis in diabetic rats. The colchicine procedure reported increases in AVP synthesis in both the SON and PVH in diabetic animals, a result compatible with that obtained previously for whole hypothalamus using radiolabeled procedures. Together, the results indicate that the colchicine procedure is useful in detecting changes in the syntheses of some (AVP and OXT) but not all (SRIF) neuropeptides, and that when applicable, the method is sufficiently sensitive to detect changes in small hypothalamic regions. The method may prove useful in estimating changes in peptide synthesis analogous to that used for serotonin and dopamine; e.g., 5-hydroxytryptophan and dopa accumulation following inhibition of aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase.
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PMID:Colchicine-induced increases in immunoreactive neuropeptide levels in hypothalamus: use as an index of biosynthesis. 167 40

The axonal transport blocker colchicine has been extensively used in immunohistochemical studies to induce accumulation of neuroactive compounds, especially neuropeptides, in neuronal somata and thus improve their visualization. To assess whether colchicine might, in addition, influence the synthesis of such compounds, we have now used in situ hybridization to examine the levels of mRNAs encoding for several neuropeptides (galanin [GAL], cholecystokinin [CCK], somatostatin [SOM], neuropeptide Y [NPY]) and neurotransmitter-synthesizing enzymes (choline acetyltransferase [ChAT], tyrosine hydroxylase [TH], amino acid decarboxylase [AADC], and glutamic acid decarboxylase [GAD]) after intraventricular administration of the drug. The results show that colchicine differentially modifies the levels of several mRNA species in different brain areas. Thus GAL mRNA levels increase in virtually all regions examined, including the basal forebrain, hypothalamus, dorsal raphe nucleus, locus coeruleus, and nucleus tractus solitarii. In addition, after colchicine treatment, GAL mRNA appears to be induced in the ipsilateral hemisphere in regions such as the cortex, hippocampus, striatum, lateral septum, and some nuclei of the thalamus as well as within white matter, where it cannot be detected in control animals. Although GAL mRNA in the vast majority of cases is neuronal, some findings indicate a possible glial localization. In parallel, colchicine depletes ChAT mRNA and increases GAD mRNA in the basal forebrain and striatum and decreases AADC mRNA in the dorsal raphe nucleus and locus coeruleus. In the latter nucleus, NPY and TH mRNA levels are increased by colchicine. In contrast, TH mRNA and also CCK mRNA levels decrease in the substantia nigra. In the cortex, hippocampus, and thalamus ipsilateral to colchicine injection CCK mRNA levels are markedly decreased, whereas SOM mRNA is decreased and NPY mRNA increased in the hippocampus but unchanged in the cortex. The results are discussed with reference to the possible artifacts that the use of colchicine might induce in immunohistochemical mapping studies and in relation to possible neurotoxic actions of colchicine, in some cases perhaps related to impaired retrograde transport of growth factor(s).
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PMID:Differential effects of intracerebroventricular colchicine administration on the expression of mRNAs for neuropeptides and neurotransmitter enzymes, with special emphasis on galanin: an in situ hybridization study. 170 58

Cranial and spinal sensory ganglia of the guinea-pig were investigated by means of histochemistry and biochemistry for the presence of catecholamines and catecholamine-synthesizing enzymes. Sensory neurons exhibiting immunoreactivity to the rate-limiting enzyme of catecholamine synthesis, tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), were detected by immunohistochemistry in lumbo-sacral dorsal root ganglia, the nodose ganglion and the petrosal/jugular ganglion complex. The carotid body was identified as a target of TH-like-immunoreactive (TH-LI) neurons by the use of combined retrograde tracing and immunohistochemistry. Double-labelling immunofluorescence revealed that most TH-LI neurons also contained somatostatin-LI, but TH-LI did not coexist with either calcitonin gene-related peptide- or substance P-LI. TH-LI neurons did not react with antibodies to other enzymes involved in catecholamine synthesis, i.e., aromatic amino acid decarboxylase (AADC), dopamine-beta-hydroxylase (D beta H), and phenylethanolamine-N-methyl-transferase (PNMT). Petrosal neurons as well as their endings in the carotid body lacked dopamine- and L-DOPA-LI. Sensory neurons did not display glyoxylic acid-induced catecholamine fluorescence. Ganglia containing TH-LI neurons were kept in short-term organ culture after crushing their roots and the exiting nerve in order to enrich intra-axonal transmitter content at the ganglionic side of the crush. However, even under these conditions, catecholamine fluorescence was not detected in axons projecting peripherally or centrally from the ganglia. Sympathetic noradrenergic nerves entered the ganglia and terminated within them. Accordingly, biochemical analyses of guinea-pig sensory ganglia revealed noradrenaline but no dopamine. In conclusion, catecholamines within guinea-pig sensory ganglia are confined to sympathetic nerves, which fulfill presently unknown functions. The TH-LI neurons themselves, however, lack any additional sign of catecholamine synthesis, and the presence of enzymatically active TH within these neurons is questionable.
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PMID:Catecholamines and catecholamine-synthesizing enzymes in guinea-pig sensory ganglia. 197 3

The caudal extension of the hypothalamic A13 dopamine cell group (A13c) was studied in the rat brain with immunohistochemical techniques using antibodies raised against the dopamine synthesizing enzymes tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) and aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase (AADC). Adjacent sections revealed that the TH- and AADC-staining patterns exhibited a clear overlap with that for somatostatin (SOM). Employing a double-labelling method with SOM- and AADC-antisera and subsequent elution and restaining of the same section with TH-antiserum, it was found that all immunoreactivities occurred in the same cell bodies. This study gives the first evidence for the presence of SOM-immunoreactivity in dopamine neurons.
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PMID:Dopaminergic cells in the caudal A13 cell group express somatostatin-like immunoreactivity. 288 52

The patterns of colocalization of neuropeptides, catecholamines, and catecholamine-synthesizing enzymes were examined in principal neurons and nerve terminals in guinea pig paracervical ganglia using a double-labeling immunohistochemical procedure. A small proportion of nerve cell bodies (less than 10%) had the characteristics of catecholamine-synthesizing neurons and presumably were noradrenergic. Another 50% of the nerve cell bodies contained immunoreactivity (IR) to dopamine-beta-hydroxylase (DBH), but did not have any other characteristics of noradrenergic neurons; they did not contain detectable catecholamines, or IR to dopa decarboxylase (DDC) or tyrosine (TH) hydroxylase, nor did they take up exogenous catecholamines. Half of the catecholamine neurons had neuropeptide Y (NPY)-IR, and a small number (0.5% total neurons) had somatostatin (Som)-IR. Most of the non-noradrenergic neurons with DBH-IR (40-50% total neurons) contained IR for dynorphin (Dyn), NPY, and vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP), and about half of them (20-25% total) also contained Som-IR. Ten to twenty percent of neurons contained IR to Som, but not to any other antigen examined here. Nerve terminals with substance P (SP)-IR or enkephalin (Enk)-IR were prominent in all ganglia. SP-IR fibers formed dense baskets only around those neurons with DBH/Dyn/NPY/VIP (+/- Som)-IR, while fibers with very bright Enk-IR were associated selectively with those neurons with Som-IR alone. In addition, most TH-IR nerve cell bodies were surrounded by NPY-IR varicose nerve fibers. In conclusion, this analysis of combinations of peptides and enzymes contained in principal neurons of the paracervical ganglia allows us to identify as many as 11 different neuron populations. The functional significance of the presence of the same neuropeptide (e.g., NPY) in different neuron populations is as yet unknown. Some of these classes of neurons are associated specifically with immunohistochemically distinct types of presynaptic nerve fibers, which suggests that different immunohistochemically defined classes of neurons represent different functional pathways.
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PMID:Neuronal colocalization of peptides, catecholamines, and catecholamine-synthesizing enzymes in guinea pig paracervical ganglia. 366 19

Continuous cell lines that secrete both insulin and somatostatin were established by two cooperating groups of investiagtors from a serially transplantable, radiation-induced, rat islet cell tumor. The cell lines, named RIN-r and RIN-m, were initiated from tumors maintained in inbred rats or in athymic nude mice, respectively. The cultured cells are epithelioid, free of fibroblast contamination, and can be cloned. They have a hypodiploid chromosome number, are tumorigenic, and posses amine-handling properties, including high levels of L-dopa decarboxylase and formaldehyde-induced fluorescence. Preliminary analysis of clones revealed a spectrum of insulin secretion from undetectable to relatively high. These clonal cell lines provide important systems to study the biology of insulin and somatostatin.
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PMID:Continuous, clonal, insulin- and somatostatin-secreting cell lines established from a transplantable rat islet cell tumor. 610 92

A population of cells containing the enzymes tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) and dopa-decarboxylase (L-AADC) but not dopamine-B-hydroxylase (DBH) nor phenylethanolamine-N-methyltransferase (PNMT) can be detected with immunocytochemical techniques in the pancreas of mouse embryos at the 11th day of development (E 11). The presence of TH in embryonal pancreas is transient: TH is not observed after E 15. By use of a method for simultaneously detecting two antigens in the same section both TH and glucagon were visualized in the same cell on E 12. Double labelled cells comprised 10% of all stained cells. At E 14.5, some of the cells stained for TH also contained insulin. However, at the time somatostatin appeared no embryonal cells containing TH remained. We conclude that two cell types of the APUD series, i.e., the glucagon and insulin cells of pancreas, arise from transformation, in situ, of cells that transiently express a dopaminergic phenotype. These results suggest that peptide-containing cells in skin, brain and gut are linked by a common embryonic origin. They also raise the prospect that other peptidergic cells of the APUD series may have aminergic precursors.
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PMID:Linkage of the brain-skin-gut axis: islet cells originate from dopaminergic precursors. 612 86

A peroxidase anti-peroxidase method was used to investigate and compare the distribution of neuropeptide and catecholamine synthesizing enzyme immunoreactive (IR) ganglion cells and nerve fibres in the intestinal nerve of Remak (INR) of male chickens. In the INR there were three kinds of ganglion cells: tyrosine hydroxylase (TH)-, aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase (AADC)- and phenylethanolamine-N-methyltransferase (PNMT)-IR cells; AADC- and PNMT-IR but TH-immunonegative cells; and ganglion cells being immunoreactive for methionine enkephalin (mENK)- and somatostatin (SOM). The first one was distributed throughout the INR. The second was restricted in the ileojejunal region, and the last was localized in the rectal region. Substance P- and vasoactive intestinal polypeptide-IR nerve fibres were distributed in common but variable in number around three kinds of ganglion cells. Then TH-IR cells were characterized by the distribution of many calcitonin gene related peptide- and a few cholecystokinin-IR fibres. mENK and SOM-IR cells, and TH-immunonegative cells were distinguished by the distribution of SOM- and galanin-IR fibres. In addition, TH-immunonegative cells were characterized by the distribution of mENK- and neuropeptide Y-IR nerve fibres which were very few in number. Fig. 21 summarizes the connections described in the present study.
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PMID:Immunohistochemical studies on the intestinal nerve of Remak in the male chicken. 780 73


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