Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: UNIPROT:P61278 (somatostatin)
 22,083 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Two distinct carboxy-terminus-directed anti-substance P (SP) sera (R-1C and R-6G) were used to characterize immunoreactive SP (I-SP) in acetic acid extracts of anterior pituitary (AP) and posterior pituitary (PP) glands of adult male rats. The tissue concentrations of I-SP measured by R-1C and R-6G were comparable. The contents of I-SP were 600-1150 pg/AP and 25-52 pg/PP. I-luteinizing hormone releasing hormone and I-somatostatin (I-SOM) were undetectable in AP extracts, but PP extracts contained the equivalents of 325-785 pg I-SOM/gland. Serial dilutions of AP and PP extracts produced displacement curves with both SP antisera that were parallel to the respective synthetic SP standard and hypothalamic extract displacement curves. Gel filtrations of AP and PP extracts on a Sephadex G-25 column produced I-SP peaks eluting in the same fractions as synthetic SP and hypothalamic I-SP. However, the AP I-SP profile also revealed a side peak migrating between the void volume and the major I-SP peak. Neither immunoreactive species in the AP extract were eliminated when eluted with 6.0 M guanidine HCl, a strong denaturing agent. In vitro incubation of paired anterior hemipituitaries for 30 min in the presence of a 56 mM K+ concentration resulted in a significant (p less than .0001), 25-fold increase in the release of I-SP into the incubation medium above the mean control value. Radiofrequency lesions placed in the median eminence-arcuate region of male rats caused a significant (p less than .001) reduction of I-SP in both the AP and PP. These reductions were inversely related to the plasma prolactin values. The elevation in plasma prolactin was taken as an index of completeness of lesions. We conclude that: 1) the rat pituitary contains I-SP as assessed by its immunologic and chromatographic behavior, 2) K+ depolarization is a potent stimulator of the release of AP I-SP in vitro, 3) the ME-arcuate region is important for the maintenance of pituitary I-SP levels in the rat.
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PMID:Partial characterization of immunoreactive substance P in the rat pituitary gland. 619 79

The localization of substance P-(SP-), methionine-enkephalin (met-Enk-) and somatostatin (SOM-)like immunoreactivity was studied in the cat pyloric sphincter, ileum, ileocecal sphincter and proximal colon. The enteric plexuses in all regions examined contained SP-, met-Enk- and SOM-like immunoreactive varicose nerve fibres. A large number of especially SP- and met-Enk-containing varicosities were often seen to encircle the nerve cell bodies and processes in the two ganglionic plexuses. The SOM-like immunoreactive perikarya were the only peptide-containing nerve cells, preferentially located in the submucous ganglia. The predominant localization of the SOM-like immunoreactive neurons in the two enteric plexuses of the ileum was the most pronounced regional difference in the distribution pattern of the peptides. Among the layers of the cat intestinal wall the circular muscle contained the most peptide-immunoreactive fibres in contrast to the longitudinal muscle. Evidence was obtained for the occurrence of single peptide-immunoreactive varicose nerve fibres in muscularis mucosae as well as around the glands and the blood vessels. Immunoreactive endocrine cells occurred mainly in the ileum mucosa.
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PMID:Immunocytochemical localization of substance P, methionine-enkephalin and somatostatin in the cat intestinal wall. 620 22

Using the indirect immunofluorescence method, the distribution of galanin (GAL)- and galanin message-associated peptide (GMAP)-like immunoreactivities (LI) were studied in sympathetic ganglia and the adrenal gland of the guinea pig. A rather dense network of GAL-immunoreactive nerve fibers was found in the inferior mesenteric ganglion (IMG) and in the superior mesenteric pole of the celiac-superior mesenteric ganglion complex (C-SMG). The celiac pole of the C-SMG, the stellate ganglion, and the superior cervical ganglion contained fewer, mostly scattered fibers. SIF-cells in prevertebral and paravertebral ganglia contained GAL-LI, as did the adrenal medullary cells. The GAL fibers in the IMG surrounded mainly principal ganglion cells containing somatostatin-immunoreactivity (SOM-IR), whereas fewer fibers were seen around neuropeptide Y (NPY) cells and cells in which SOM and NPY coexisted. Application of colchicine or vinblastine onto the IMG did not result in the appearance of GAL-IR in the principal ganglion cells. In denervation experiments it was revealed that most of the GAL fibers reach the IMG via the lumbar splanchnic nerves. GAL-IR appears to be colocalized with substance P (SP) in fibers of the IMG, indicating an origin of the GAL-containing fibers in dorsal root ganglia (DRG). This conclusion was supported by the finding in lumbar DRGs of GAL-positive cell bodies that contained SP. The role of GAL in prevertebral ganglia is unclear. It may be suggested that GAL modulates the slow, long-lasting membrane depolarization of the principal ganglion cells caused by SP in the primary afferents related to the IMG. GMAP-LI was detected in SIF cells and adrenal medullary cells in which GMAP-LI parallels the immunoreactivity of GAL. GMAP-LI was not observed in neuronal cell bodies or nerve fibers of the ganglia.
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PMID:Immunohistochemical demonstration of galanin-, and galanin message-associated peptide-like immunoreactivities in sympathetic ganglia and adrenal gland of the guinea pig. 752 69

In the normal adult neostriatum, somatostatin immunoreactive interneurons constitute a few percent of the total neuronal population whereas substance P immunoreactive neurons, which project to the substantia nigra, constitute nearly half of the total. Primary monolayer neostriatal cultures derived from E17 rat brains displayed both somatostatin-like and substance P-like immunoreactivity (SOM-IR and SP-IR). However, the proportions of SOM-IR and SP-IR neurons in vitro were significantly different from those in vivo. At 4 days in vitro (DIV), SOM-IR neurons comprised 19% of all neurons and this percentage increased to 30% at 25 DIV. In contrast, SP-IR neurons were less common than expected at 4 DIV (20%) and declined in percentage to 13% at 27 DIV. These results suggest that survival in target-deprived neostriatal cultures is favored for SOM-IR interneurons.
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PMID:Somatostatin- and substance P-like immunoreactivity in rat neostriatal cultures. 753 69

The role of neuropeptides in ascending visceral pathways was investigated by recording the changes in the response of thalamic neuronal activity evoked by vagal stimulation before and after peptide injection in the parabrachial nucleus (PB). Male Wistar rats (n = 25) were anesthetized with chloral hydrate and ventilated, and blood pressure and heart rate were continuously monitored. The left cervical vagus nerve was stimulated at submaximal current intensities to elicit changes in single and multiunit activity in the parvocellular visceral relay nuclei in the ventral basal thalamus. Peristimulustime histograms of thalamic activity were made before and after 200-nl injections of peptides or artificial cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) controls in the PB. Injection of calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) at 5 mM or substance P (SP) at 2 mM into the PB significantly attenuated the evoked response of thalamic neuronal activity by 87-100% and 85-100%, respectively. Injections of somatostatin (SOM; 1 mM) did not significantly alter the response evoked by vagal stimulation but significantly inhibited the spontaneous firing of thalamic units, resulting in a 10-fold increase in the response-to-background ratio. This suggests that SOM in the PB inhibits cells in a parallel pathway that terminates on thalamic visceral neurons but that are not part of the ascending visceral sensory pathway. Spontaneous thalamic neuronal activity and vagally evoked responses were significantly enhanced (278-508%) by injection of 1 mM neurotensin (NT) in the PB. Cholecystokinin (CCK) at low doses (0.0002-0.2 mM) attenuated while the highest dose, 2 mM, briefly excited the spontaneous activity of thalamic units before inhibiting their activity.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Peptides in the parabrachial nucleus modulate visceral input to the thalamus. 768 92

The effects of cold-restraint stress on immunoreactive thyrotropin-releasing hormone (ir-TRH) and immunoreactive somatostatin (ir-SOM) concentrations in the rat stomach were investigated. Rats immobilized with a spring-loaded metallic plate were placed in a room maintained at 4 degrees C for 1-3 h and then decapitated serially for investigation. Gastric ir-TRH and ir-SOM concentrations were measured by individual radioimmunoassays. Cold-restraint stress induced gastric mucosal lesions as well as a decrease of the ir-TRH concentration in the glandular stomach, an increase of the ir-TRH concentration in the gastric juice, and a decrease in gastric pH. In contrast, this stress caused an increase of ir-SOM in the glandular stomach and a decrease of ir-SOM in the gastric juice. However, cold or restraint stress alone did not induce gastric mucosal lesions or changes in gastric ir-TRH and ir-SOM concentrations or the gastric pH. To clarify the endocrine influence of peripheral TRH, pretreatment with thyroid hormone was performed to inhibit elevation of the serum TRH level during cold-restraint stress. Despite this pretreatment, cold-restraint stress still induced ulcer formation, along with changes in gastric ir-TRH and ir-SOM concentrations and gastric pH. These findings suggest that changes in gastric ir-TRH and ir-SOM concentrations may be closely related to ulcer formation due to cold-restraint, and that TRH may act in a paracrine manner in the stomach.
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PMID:Effect of cold-restraint stress on immunoreactive thyrotropin-releasing hormone and immunoreactive somatostatin in the rat stomach. 777 42

1. The longitudinal and circular muscle layers of canine colon showed a different pattern of mechanical activity: regular rhythmic phasic contractions in the circular strips and irregular rhythmic prolonged contractions in the longitudinal strips. 2. The spontaneous motility of both layers was suppressed by atropine (1 microM) or hexamethonium (1 microM), suggesting the involvement of ACh. 3. Somatostatin (1 nM-1 microM) decreased, while CCK8 (1-10 nM) increased the spontaneous and electrically-induced contractions of the colonic muscles, the circular layer being more sensitive as compared to the longitudinal layer. 4. CCK8 enhanced both resting and electrically-induced [3H]ACh release, while SOM inhibited the electrically-stimulated [3H]ACh release.
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PMID:Effects of cholecystokinin octapeptide and somatostatin on the motility and release of [3H]acetylcholine in canine colon. 790 10

The cerebral cortex of normal adult rats was studied by in situ hybridisation histochemistry, using digoxigenin-labelled oligonucleotide probes to preprosomatostatin (SOM). Labelled neurons were present in all cortical layers except layer I. They varied in staining intensity from light to heavy. There was no correlation between the size of the soma and staining intensity. A variety of neuronal types were SOM-positive. Some were clearly non-pyramidal, with a rounded soma and horizontal or oblique stem dendrites, while others had a prominent ascending apical dendrite and were interpreted as pyramidal neurons.
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PMID:Distribution of preprosomatostatin mRNA in the rat parietal and temporal cortex. 791 3

Electrophysiological studies have shown that somatostatin (SOM; 10(-8) and 10(-7) M) causes a hyperpolarization of the majority of astrocytes in explant cultures of rat spinal cord and cortex. When SOM and the cholinergic agonists muscarine and nicotine (10(-6) M) were tested on the same cell, all three compounds produced hyperpolarizations, suggesting a colocalization of functional cholinergic and SOM receptors on the glial membrane. Combined immunohistochemical and autoradiographic binding studies demonstrating that almost all astrocytes which were immunostained by the monoclonal muscarinic or nicotinic antibodies were also intensely labelled by 125I-SOM, provide further evidence for the coexistence of cholinergic and SOM receptors on astrocytes.
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PMID:Coexistence of cholinergic and somatostatin receptors on astrocytes of rat CNS. 794 40

The study compared inhibitory actions of transforming growth factor-alpha (TGF alpha) and epidermal growth factor (EGF) on gastric acid secretion and effects of these peptides on release of gut peptides considered important for acid inhibitory and gastrointestinal protective mechanisms. TGF alpha and EGF did not affect basal acid secretion, but inhibited pentagastrin-stimulated acid secretion in a dose-dependent manner from 0.10 to 1.7 nmol kg-1 h-1 i.v. by maximally 72% for TGF alpha (P < 0.001) and 76% for EGF (P < 0.001). At the highest doses, TGF alpha and EGF caused 194% and 698% increase of somatostatin-like immunoreactivity (SOM-LI) in plasma, respectively (each P < 0.05). Neurotensin-like immunoreactivity (NT-LI) increased 438% by EGF (P < 0.05), but the increase of 700% with TGF alpha did not reach statistical significance. The levels of vasoactive intestinal peptide-like immunoreactivity (VIP-LI) did not change. In gastric juice, SOM-LI increased 80% by TGF alpha i.v. (P < 0.05), but NT- and VIP-LI did not change. EGF i.v. had no effects on levels of SOM-, NT- or VIP-LI in luminal juice. Thus, TGF alpha and EGF inhibit acid secretion, but also promote the release of SOM and NT into the circulation and may be involved in the acid inhibitory effects of these growth factors.
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PMID:Transforming growth factor-alpha and epidermal growth factor inhibit gastric acid secretion and stimulate release of somatostatin and neurotensin in the conscious rat. 797 34


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