Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: UNIPROT:P61278 (somatostatin)
 22,083 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The distribution of leucine-enkephalin, methionine-enkephalin, neurotensin, somatostatin, substance P, oxytocin, vasopressin, neurophysin II, and serotonin in nerve terminals and fibers of sympathetic autonomic areas of the thoracolumbar (T-L) spinal cord was studied immunohistochemically in cats. Densities of these immunoreactive terminals and fibers were estimated in the intermediolateral nucleus pars principalis (IMLp) and pars funicularis (IMLf), the nucleus intercalatus (IC), and the central autonomic area (CA). Results for leucine- and methionine-enkephalin-like immunoreactivity (ENK) were similar and immunoreactivity for vasopressin was not observed. The greatest numbers of terminals and fibers in the IMLp region contained ENK, neurotensin-(NT), and serotonin-like immunoreactivity (5HT); terminals and fibers containing substance P-(SP) and neurophysin II-like immunoreactivity (NP2) were intermediate in number, and those containing somatostatin-(SS) and oxytocin-like immunoreactivity (OXY) were generally sparse. In the IC and CA, terminals and fibers containing ENK and NT were dense, those containing SP were moderate, and those containing OXY, NP2, and 5HT were sparsely represented. In the IMLp, where the largest proportion of sympathetic preganglionic neurons (SPN) is found, the greatest concentration of terminals and fibers containing ENK was found in segments T1-T8; for NT these segments were T1-T5 and T11-L1, for SP-C8-T2 and T11-L1, for NP2-T4-T7 and L2 to L3, and for 5HT-T1-T5. Terminals and fibers containing SS and OXY were present in segments C8-T10 and segments C8, T2-T8, T13, and L2 to L3, respectively. These results indicate that while ENK, NT, SP, NP2, and 5HT fibers and terminals are widely distributed throughout the T-L cord, they may influence to a greater degree the SPN in segments where they are present in greater numbers. As SS and OXY were not found at all levels of the IMLp, their functions may be more organ specific.
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PMID:Segmental distribution of peptide- and 5HT-like immunoreactivity in nerve terminals and fibers of the thoracolumbar sympathetic nuclei of the cat. 241 41

Immunofluorescence histochemistry was used to determine the distribution of substance P, somatostatin and cholecystokinin-octapeptide-immunoreactive perikarya in C6, T6, T10, L2 and S1 dorsal root ganglia of rat. Five different categories of immunoreactive primary afferent neurons were distinguished on the basis of cell size, cytology and peptide immunoreactivities. The population of small cells (diameter less than 20 microns) included three groups which were identified as containing somatostatin, substance P, or substance P + cholecystokinin-octapeptide. Two groups of cells were identified in an intermediate size range (diameter 21-43 microns) as containing cholecystokinin-octapeptide or cholecystokinin-octapeptide + substance P. These categories may reflect four distinct populations of primary afferent neurons. The relative abundance of dorsal root ganglion cells containing substance P, cholecystokinin-octapeptide or somatostatin immunoreactivities was significantly different within segmental levels. More neurons were immunoreactive for cholecystokinin-octapeptide than substance P in ganglia C6, T6 and T10. Somatostatin-containing cells were fewest in number regardless of level. The number of immunoreactive cells also varied among spinal ganglia. L2 contained the greatest number of immunoreactive cells; S1 contained the fewest. These studies are relevant to our understanding of dorsal root ganglia in two ways. Firstly, the data document significant variation in the distribution of peptide-containing neurons among spinal ganglia associated with various cord levels. The variation in peptide-containing cell populations among spinal ganglia may reflect differences in populations of modality-specific primary afferent fibers as well as in populations of somatic and visceral primary afferent fibers at each level. Furthermore, the data indicate that the relative abundance of a population of peptide-containing primary afferent neurons cannot be extrapolated from the examination of spinal ganglia from a single level. Secondly, substance P and cholecystokinin-octapeptide did not co-exist in all spinal ganglion cells as previously reported. In conjunction with immunostaining characteristics and cell size, the differential distribution of the two peptides defined four cell types, raising the possibility that each cell type may mediate a different modality.
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PMID:Immunohistochemical studies of substance P, cholecystokinin-octapeptide and somatostatin in dorsal root ganglia of the rat. 258 Nov 69

This study was undertaken to determine the segmental organization of the dorsal root ganglion (DRG) cells that give rise to pancreatic afferents containing a certain neuropeptide in the rat. These cells were examined using retrograde tracing combined with immunohistochemistry. Injection of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) into the pancreas resulted in the labeling of cells in bilateral T5-L2 DRGs, with most labeled cells lying at T10-T11. Injection into the duodenal (right), splenic (left), and entire lobes consistently produced more labeled cells significantly in the right, left, and right DRGs, respectively. Calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP)-, substance P (SP)-, somatostatin (SOM)-, and galanin (GAL)-immunoreactive (IR) cells in the DRGs (T9-T12) were found in -52, 17, 8, and 6%, respectively, but neuropeptide Y- and vasoactive intestinal polypeptide-IR cells were not found. About 88% of HRP-labeled cells in DRGs (T9-T12) contained CGRP, and approximately 16% of them contained SP. Although SOM- and GAL-IR cells were localized in the DRGs, these cells innervating the pancreas could not be found. In brief, these results show that bilateral (not similar in cell number on each side) DRG cells innervate the duodenal or splenic pancreas, and the majority of these cells that project to the pancreas contain CGRP and SP.
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PMID:Afferent innervation of the rat pancreas: retrograde tracing and immunohistochemistry in the dorsal root ganglia. 943 67

To investigate the effect of somatostatin on the cross-excitation between adjacent primary afferent terminals in the rats, we recorded single unit activity from distal cut ends of dorsal cutaneous branches of the T10 and T12 spinal nerves in response to antidromic stimulation of the distal cut end of the T11 dorsal root in the presence and absence of somatostatin and its receptor antagonist applied to the receptive field of the recorded nerve. Afferent fibers were classified based upon their conduction velocity. Mean mechanical thresholds decreased and spontaneous discharge rates increased significantly in C and Adelta but not Abeta fibers of the T10 and T12 spinal nerves in both male and female rats following antidromic electrical stimulation (ADES) of the dorsal root from adjacent spinal segment (DRASS) indicating cross-excitation of thin fiber afferents. The cross-excitation was not significantly different between male and female rats. Microinjection of somatostatin into the receptive field of recorded units inhibited the cross-excitation. This inhibitory effect, in turn, was reversed by the somatostation receptor antagonist cyclo-somatostatin (c-SOM). Application of c-SOM alone followed by ADES of DRASS significantly decreased the mechanical thresholds and increased the discharge rates of C and Adelta fibers, indicating that endogenous release of somatostatin plays a tonic inhibitory role on the cross-excitation between peripheral nerves. These results suggest that somatostatin could inhibit the cross-excitation involved in peripheral hyperalgesia and have a peripheral analgesic effect.
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PMID:Somatostatin inhibits activation of dorsal cutaneous primary afferents induced by antidromic stimulation of primary afferents from an adjacent thoracic segment in the rat. 1864 Jan 4

Rationale.Pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors (NETs) are rare neoplasms that develop from the endocrine tissues of the pancreas. They have a better overall prognosis than pancreatic adenocarcinoma. However, all commonly used classification systems reflect a separation between more indolent, well-differentiated tumors and far more aggressive poorly differentiated types that behave clinically more like small-cell carcinoma of the lung. Objective.To present the case of a 62-year-old man with an aggressive pancreatic NET, with liver, splenic and bone metastases who underwent multidisciplinary treatment including several lines of chemotherapy, somatostatin analogs and radiotherapy. Methods and Results.The patient is a smoker and an occasional drinker, known with type two diabetes mellitus (DM), receiving insulin therapy. He was diagnosed by contrast-enhanced computed tomography (CT) in January 2015 with a locally invasive pancreatic body mass, intraabdominal adenopathies and liver nodules, suggestive of metastases. Histopathological diagnosis was obtained through liver biopsy: neuroendocrine tumor with a 10-15% Ki67 proliferation index. Palliative chemotherapy with oxaliplatin and capecitabine was started in March 2015. In June 2015, Sandostatin LAR was added. In March 2016, he had progressive disease. Subsequently, in September 2016, bone metastasis was found within the T10 vertebra. He underwent radiotherapy for multiple bone metastases in February 2017. Progressive disease was again found during a CT examination in May 2017. His performance status has gradually worsened since then and he died in July 2017. Discussion.As a group, well-differentiated gastroenteropancreatic NETs are generally indolent malignancies with prolonged natural history. Intermediate-grade NETs have a slightly worse prognosis than low-grade tumors. Abbreviations: NETs - neuroendocrine tumors, NEC - neuroendocrine carcinoma, CT - computed tomography, MRI - magnetic resonance imaging, DM - diabetes mellitus, WHO - World Health Organisation, HCV - hepatitis C virus, CEA - carcinoembryonic antigen, AFP - alpha-fetoprotein, 5-HIAA - 5-Hydroxyindoleacetic acid, IHC - immunohistochemistry, EUS - endoscopic ultrasonography, EUS FNA - endoscopic ultrasonography with fine needle aspiration, CgA - chromogranin A, PRRT - peptide receptor radioligand therapy.
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PMID:Metastatic neuroendocrine pancreatic tumor - Case report. 2969 66