Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UNIPROT:P61278 (somatostatin)
 22,083 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Three sites of somatostatin-synthesizing perikarya, or a related antigen, were determined by immunofluorescence in the hypothalamus of the tadpole, Alytes obstetricans (Amphibia, Anura). Two sites of neurosecretory perikarya were localized in the preoptic nuclei of the anterior hypothalamus; the axons extended either to the anterior diencephalon or to the median eminence and the pituitary. The third site was found in the posterior hypothalamus. These neurosecretory cells showed a strong immunofluorescent reaction; their axons all terminated at the level of the median eminence. Somatostatin cells were only found in intact or hypophysectomized tadpoles given somatotropin (STH). The strong reaction observed in hypophysectomized tadpoles was possibly due to the loss of the terminal portion of the neurosecretory pathway (median eminence and pituitary) by which the agent is transported to the site of discharge.
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PMID:Immunofluorescence of somatostatin-producing sites in the hypothalamus of the tadpole, Alytes obstetricans Laur. 34 20

The synthetic linear tetradekapeptide somatostatin (growth-hormone release inhibitory hormone: GHRIH) inhibits the liberation of growth hormone in normal persons in the insulin hypoglycaemia test without influencing the rise of cortisol and prolactin, while the concentrations of LH, FSH and TSH remain unchanged. In patients with florid acromegaly there occurs during administration of GHRIH a marked fall in the raised STH level without influencing the basal level of the other anterior-pituitary hormones. As a further effect there is suppression of the insulin level. The somatostatin at present available has a very short biological half-life and in its present form is, therefore, without therapeutic importance.
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PMID:[The effect of synthetic somatostatin in normal and acromegalic males]. 109 Apr 28

Tests were performed of the effects of the Somatostatin (SMS) upon the concentration of Insulin, Glucagon and STH, as well as of the effects of SMS upon the specific binding of the insulin to the receptors. The tests were carried out on eight insulin-independent diabetics, and five healthy volunteers. The tests were made with placebo, followed by 100 ug of the analogue SMS 201-995, known under the name of Sandostatin. Blood specimens for determining all parameters mentioned above were taken at 9 a.m., 3 p.m., 9 p.m., and 3 a.m. (09 h, 15 h, 21, and 03 h). The goal of the tests was to determine whether the SMS had any effect upon the glucoregulation, and at which level changes take place. In the group of healthy volunteers, a considerable decrease of insulin took place six hours after the administration of STH, and the decrease of the glucagon was especially marked, tending to increase again after six hours, while the specific binding of the insulin to the receptors, and the number of receptors were decreased six hours following the administration of the SMS when compared with the placebo, and without tending to reach the previous levels until 3 a.m. (03 h). In insulin-independent diabetics, the SMS leads to a considerable drop of concentrations of Insulin, Glucagon, STH and to a specific binding of the insulin.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:[The effect of somatostatin on specific binding of insulin to receptors in patients with non-insulin dependent diabetes]. 168 Jul 75

Measurements of blood plasma ACTH, hydrocortisone, STH, somatostatin, insulin, glucagon levels and plasma renin activity in 70 patients with borderline hypertension (BAH) and in 20 normal male subjects have revealed increased ACTH, hydrocortisone, and somatostatin levels, elevated plasma renin activity, and reduced STH and insulin levels in the patients. A possible role of the pressor hormone system activation in the pathogenesis of borderline arterial hypertension and in BAH transformation into essential hypertension is discussed.
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PMID:[Hormonal disorders in borderline arterial hypertension]. 257 58

N intake in the form of protein has neither got an upper nor a lower limit for agricultural working animals within a diet and there is no control mechanism for it. A high surplus of certain amino acids results in a reduction of feed intake. N excretion in faeces depends on 1) the excretion of N containing indigestible feedstuffs, 2) bacterial nitrogen synthesis in the large intestine and 3) the excretion of true endogenous N containing substances (digestion enzymes, intestinal epithelium, N containing endogenous secretion). There are no other control mechanisms for N excretion in faeces. N excretion in urine mainly comprises the nitrogen from the degeneration of amino acids and nucleic acids. The interrelations between urea, NH3, allantoin, creatine and creatinine, uric acid and hippuric acid depend on the species (monogastric or ruminants), on the nitrogen and N amount consumed and on the recycling ratio of the amino acids. The absolute amount of N excretion is not subject to any control mechanism, it depends on the intake of protein and NPN substances, the interim stages, however, which lead to the formation of excretory products, are intermediately controlled. The most important interim stage is protein biosynthesis, which is a fixed, intermediately controlled value in maintenance level. Under growth conditions only, the protein synthesis quota can exceed the protein degradation quota of the total organism (positive N balance). The control mechanisms of protein biosynthesis have, according to current knowledge, the following structure: Stimulation: 1) growth hormone (STH) stimulates protein synthesis by means of somatomedins; 2) hormones of the thyroid gland (T4 and T3) are controlled by the hormone stimulating the thyroid gland (TSH); 3) insulin. Inhibition: 1) somatostatin inhibits STH, TSH and insulin; 2) cortisol directly inhibits protein synthesis and stimulates protein degradation. The control mechanisms of protein turnover in addition to genetic coding and proteolysis extend in the framework of evolution over the period of 3,400 million years from the existence of the bacterial cell to the development of mammals, which is 74% of the age of the earth and approximately 90% since the existence of the first traces of life. The control mechanisms of protein turnover in mammals do not permit gene manipulation in protein synthesis as in bacterial cells since the control mechanisms mentioned are missing there.
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PMID:[Nitrogen metabolism and its control mechanisms]. 266 79

The pars distalis of the avian adenohypophysis consists of well-defined cephalic and caudal lobes which are distinct in their cellular constituents. Immunocytochemical investigations on the pituitary hormones of the pars distalis of the Japanese quail reveal five types of secretory cells, adenocorticotropin (ACTH) cells, prolactin (PRL) cells, thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) cells, growth hormone GH (STH) cells, and FSH/LH (gonadotropic) cells. The ACTH cells, TSH cells, and PRL cells are restricted to the cephalic lobe, and GH (STH) cells are confined to the caudal lobe, while FSH/LH cells are distributed throughout the cephalic and caudal lobes. The median eminence of birds has distinct anterior and posterior divisions, each with different neuronal components. The avian hypophysial portal vessels also consists of two groups, anterior and posterior. The peculiar arrangement and distribution of the avian hypophysial portal vessels are possibly related to the distribution of neuropeptides in the two divisions of the median eminence and to the cytological and functional differentiation of two lobes of the pars distalis. The localization of perikarya and fibers containing luteinizing hormone releasing hormone (LHRH), somatostatin, vasotocin, mesotocin, corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF), vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP), glucagon, metenkephalin, and substance P in the hypothalamus and median eminence of the Japanese quail has been investigated by means of immunohistochemistry using antisera against the respective neuropeptides. LHRH-, somatostatin-, VIP-, met-enkephalin-, and substance P-immunoreactive fibers are localized in the external layer of the anterior and posterior divisions of the median eminence, while CRF- and vasotocin-reactive fibers are demonstrated only in the external layer of the anterior division of the median eminence. The metenkephalin fibers are thicker in the anterior median eminence but the substance P fibers are more abundant in the posterior division. Mesotocin fibers occur only in the internal layer of the median eminence and neural lobe.
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PMID:Immunohistochemistry of the hypothalamic neuropeptides and anterior pituitary cells in the Japanese quail. 608 43

There is considerable evidence that somatostatin is released from nerve terminals throughout the central nervous system in response to presynaptic stimulation, thus suggesting a neuromodulator role for the peptide. We here report the partial characterization of immunoreactive somatostatin released from rat nervous system in vitro (hypothalamus, spinal cord and hypothalamic, cortical, thalamic and striatal synaptosomes). Serial dilutions of released somatostatin immunoreactivity showed parallelism with dilutions of synthetic somatostatin standard. Somatostatin immunoreactivity released from all tissue areas coeluted with synthetic tetradecapeptide on Sephadex G-25 (fine grade) gel chromatography; more than 85% of this immunoreactivity bound to Sepharose-anti-somatostatin-serum immunoaffinity columns. In addition, immunoreactive material released from hypothalamus, spinal cord and hypothalamic and cortical synaptosomes inhibited somatotropin (growth hormone, 'STH', 'GH') release from perifused anterior pituitary in a dose-related manner, indicating biological similarity to synthetic somatostatin.
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PMID:Characterization of immunoreactive somatostatin released from rat nervous system in vitro. 612 16

Somatostatin was first discovered in the hypothalmus and has since been located in many parts of the central and peripheral nervous system, as well as in the pancreas and the gastrointestinal tract. Its main biological activity is to inhibit the action of somatotropin (growth hormone, STH, GH) and a number of other hormones. The therapeutic value of somatostatin has been demonstrated in the treatment of both acute bleeding gastric ulcers and acute pancreatitis. In addition, the measurement of somatostatin in the blood is a useful method for the screening of somatostatin-producing tumours. This paper reviewed the location, action, clinical significance and measurement of somatostatin.
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PMID:Somatostatin--a regulatory peptide of clinical importance. 612 69

Secretions of hormones responsible for carbohydrate metabolism, STH, insulin, S-peptide and somatostatin, were measured in coronary patients in order to investigate hormonal mechanisms involved in disordered carbohydrate metabolism. A persistent hyperinsulinemia was found in patients with disordered carbohydrate metabolism, both in cases of glucose stimulation and insulin inhibition, where glandular function was assessed on the basis of S-peptide concentration as opposed to the control level. Baseline somatostatin concentrations were beyond the method's sensitivity limit in most of the patients. There was a tendency to elevated hormonal levels in the insulin test, whereas glucose administration produced an opposite response. Blood basal STH levels did not differ significantly in the study groups, however the increase in hormonal secretion following insulin administration was less pronounced in patients with disordered carbohydrate metabolism as compared to other groups.
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PMID:[Relations between insulin, somatotropic hormone and somatostatin secretions in patients with ischemic heart disease]. 613 24

Patients with chronic recurrent pancreatitis were examined for the blood content of insulin, glucagon, somatostatin (SS), somatotropin (STH), cAMP and cGMP. The blood content of insulin, glucagon and STH was normal, that of SS and cAMP elevated, and that of cGMP lowered. In severe pancreatitis, the endocrine part of the pancreas was activated. The relationship was established between the level of amylasemia and the activity of islet cells and the blood content of cGMP. The compensatory importance of hypersecretion of SS and glucagon for pancreatitis exacerbation is demonstrated. The role of cyclic nucleotides in the pancreatic activity is discussed.
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PMID:[Pancreatic hormones and cyclic nucleotides in the blood in chronic recurrent pancreatitis]. 615 52


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