Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UNIPROT:P61278 (somatostatin)
 22,083 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Menetrier's disease is a rare acquired disorder of the fundus and body of the stomach (ie, oxyntic mucosa) characterized by giant hyperplastic folds, protein-losing gastropathy, hypoalbuminemia, increased mucus secretion, and hypochlorhydria. Recent research implicates overproduction of transforming growth factor-alpha with increased signaling of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) in the pathogenesis. Activation of the EGFR, a transmembrane receptor with tyrosine kinase activity, triggers a cascade of downstream, intracellular signaling pathways that leads to expansion of the proliferative compartment within the isthmus of the oxyntic gland. The diagnosis of Menetrier's disease is based upon characteristic histologic changes, including foveolar hyperplasia, cystic dilation of pits, and reduced numbers of parietal and chief cells. The best treatment for Menetrier's disease is not clear. It seems reasonable to test and treat for cytomegalovirus and Helicobacter pylori, as 1) in children, evidence exists that the disease may be due to cytomegalovirus infection in up to one third of patients; and 2) in adults, there are anecdotal reports of resolution upon H. pylori eradication. More recently, therapies targeting increased signaling of the EGFR have shown promise, including somatostatin analogues and monoclonal antibodies (eg, cetuximab) directed against the EGFR. In refractory cases, gastrectomy is curative.
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PMID:Menetrier's Disease. 1832 37

Analysis of the Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results (SEER) registry indicates that more than 20% of all cancers are located in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. Although colon adenocarcinomas constitute approximately 90% of all malignant intestinal neoplasia, the remaining 10% of tumors in the small intestine (SI), appendix and colon are clinically relevant since their late presentation due to a paucity of overt symptoms culminates in a high mortality rate despite the fact that many such lesions are not intrinsically aggressive neoplasia. Thus, neuroendocrine tumors (NETs), adenocarcinomas (except for colonic), lymphomas, sarcomas and GI stromal tumors (GISTs) of the SI, appendix and colon, while relatively rare, represent an under-recognized and underserved group of lesions. According to the SEER registry 1973-2004, the incidence/100,000 of sarcomas has remained unchanged, while NETs, adenocarcinomas (except colon), and lymphomas have increased 2.9-, 1.6-, and 2.0-fold, respectively. This may, at least partly, reflect the development of more sophisticated diagnostic techniques including high resolution CT and MRI, capsule endoscopy and somatostatin scintigraphy for NETs. Although the development of specific targeted therapies such as tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) for GISTs and somatostatin analogs for NETs have improved prognosis, early detection remains the critical variable in determining outcome. The overall 5-year survival rates have remained relatively unchanged over time (1973-1999), or are only improved marginally for some subgroups. We present an overview of the epidemiology of these uncommon cancers, and address their clinical behavior, and current diagnostic and therapeutic options.
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PMID:Uncommon cancers of the small intestine, appendix and colon: an analysis of SEER 1973-2004, and current diagnosis and therapy. 1902 Jul 44

Protein phosphorylation/dephosphorylation of tyrosine residues is an important regulatory mechanism in cell growth and differentiation. Previously it has been reported that RC-160, an octapeptide analog of somatostatin, and [D-Trp6]LHRH, an agonist of luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LHRH), stimulate receptor-mediated activity of tyrosine phosphatases (PTP) and reverse growth promotion of the tyrosine kinase (PTK) class of oncogenes in tumor cells. The effect of RC-160 and [D-Trp6]LHRH on protein phosphorylation was further examined in surgical specimens of human carcinomas. Protein extracts of human ovarian, liver, breast and prostate tumor samples were preincubated with epidermal growth factor (EGF) (10(-7) M) with or without [D-Trp6]LHRH or RC-160 (10(-6) M) at 25 degrees C for 2 h, followed by incubation for 10 min with [gamma-32p]ATP. SDS-PAGE, Western blotting, autoradiography and densitometry were then used to quantify the phosphorylation level of individual protein bands. It was found that EGF enhanced, and [D-Trp6]LHRH and RC-160 reduced phosphorylation of a prominent 300-kDa band. Two proteins (65 and 60 kDa), involved in growth control in tumor cell lines, were also identified in this study. The homology of substrate phosphorylation between induced PTK and PTP in the presence of hormones provided evidence that these substrates might be identical or related in tumors. These findings, along with the previous cell culture results, suggest that many solid tumors may respond to treatment with analogues of somatostatin and LHRH. Collectively, the results further support the hypothesis that these 60-, 65- and 300-kDa protein substrates may be involved in growth-message transduction.
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PMID:Dephosphorylation of cancer protein by tyrosine phosphatases in response to analogs of luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone and somatostatin. 1903 84

We investigated the effects of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha on DNA synthesis and proliferation, and its signal transduction pathways in primary cultures of adult rat hepatocytes. TNF-alpha induced time- and dose-dependent increases in hepatocyte DNA synthesis and proliferation. The hepatocyte proliferation stimulated by 30 ng/ml TNF-alpha was significantly inhibited by anti-TNF receptor 2 antibody, but not by anti-TNF receptor 1 antibody. TNF-alpha-induced hepatocyte DNA synthesis and proliferation were blocked by AG1478 (10(-7) M), PD98059 (10(-6) M), LY 294002 (10(-7) M), and rapamycin (100 ng/ml). TNF-alpha at 30 ng/ml significantly increased phosphorylation of receptor tyrosine kinase (175 kDa) and p42 mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase. This data suggests that the proliferative signal for primary cultured hepatocytes induced by TNF-alpha is mediated by TNF receptor 2 and the receptor tyrosine kinase/MAP kinase pathway. In addition, TNF-alpha-induced hepatocyte mitogenesis was significantly blocked by somatostatin (10(-6) M), adenylate cyclase inhibitor dideoxyadenosine (10(-7) M), protein kinase A inhibitor H-89 (10(-7) M), and neutralizing antibody to transforming growth factor (TGF)-alpha in culture. Indeed, 30 ng/ml TNF-alpha was found to rapidly stimulate secretion of TGF-alpha, and this secretion was also blocked by anti-TNF receptor 2 antibody. Moreover, TGF-alpha secretion induced by TNF-alpha was suppressed by dideoxyadenosine, H-89, and somatostatin. Together, these results indicate that stimulation of TNF receptor 2 by 30 ng/ml TNF-alpha induces autocrine secretion of TGF-alpha via the adenylate cyclase/protein kinase A pathway, after which TGF-alpha induces hepatocyte DNA synthesis and proliferation through the TGF-alpha receptor-linked tyrosine kinase (175 kDa)/MAP kinase signaling system.
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PMID:Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) receptor-2-mediated DNA synthesis and proliferation in primary cultures of adult rat hepatocytes: The involvement of endogenous transforming growth factor-alpha. 1910 Jul 31

Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD) is one of the most common causes of end stage renal failure (ESRF). Nevertheless, until now the standard therapy of ADPKD consists merely of nephroprotection and treatment of complications. In the sixth decade of life in about 50% of patients renal replacement therapy is initiated. Surgery procedures such as nephrectomy and renal contraction therapy are performed in some patients. In 21st century numerous studies concerning patophysiology of the disease (role of polycystins, intracellular calcium, cAMP) were published and gave an impulse for searching new drugs that could slower progression of ADPKD. Somatostatin receptor agonists, vasopressin V2 receptor antagonists, rapamycin, and tyrosine kinase inhibitors are among medications that are thought to be effective. Although it is unclear if any of these drugs will be really effective there are strong theoretical backgrounds and promising results of experimental studies on animals. Nephrologists and their patients are waiting for the results of clinical trials that are performed now.
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PMID:[Modern treatment of autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease]. 1914 40

The incidence of pancreatic endocrine tumor (PET)accounts for 1 approximately 2% of total pancreatic tumors and 0. 4 approximately 1. 5% of autopsy cases, reflecting the recently increasing trend. According to WHO criteria(2004), PET is classified by the type of hormone produced by the tumor and its biological behavior. Together with the classical clinical images and hormone markers, 11C-5-HTP-Positron emission tomography, OctreoScan ([(111)In-DTPA0]octreotide)scintigram, SACI-test and IOUS are used for diagnosis. Surgery is the treatment of choice, if supposed to be curative and tolerable. In case of a well-differentiated endocrine tumor, with no indication of resection or IVR, somatostatin analog is another therapy showing stable disease status for a long period. Systemic chemotherapy, including 5-FU+streptozotocin, and streptozotocin+doxorubicin, are used in cases of well -differentiated endocrine carcinoma, and cisplatin+etoposide are applied for poorly-differentiated endocrine carcinoma (or small cell carcinoma). Recent studies focus on molecular target therapy including small molecules and monoclonal antibody, such as tyrosine kinase inhibitor, anti-VEGF antibody and moor inhibitor.
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PMID:[Diagnosis and treatment of pancreatic endocrine tumors]. 1983 18

Molecular targeted cancer therapy (MTCT) is the "personalized" or "individualized" approaches toward cancer which targets the particular molecular or genetic changes, i.e. over-expression of molecules, and genetic amplification, mutations and translocations. MTCT is generally composed of two mechanisms, (1) humanized monoclonal antibodies (hMAB) and (2) tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKI). Somatostatin analogue (SA) is the unique situation for the therapy of neuroendocrine tumors (NETs) which possess somatostatin receptor (SSTR). The cancers which are benefited by MTCT have been increased and will be increased to cover wide varieties of cancers. Good examples are (1) trastuzumab, hMAB against HER2 in breast cancers with HER2 over-expression and amplification, (2) imatinib, TKI, for gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs) with c-kit mutation, (3) gefitinib, TKI, for lung adenocarcinoma with EGFR mutation. The drug effects have been reported to be associated with these molecular and genetic changes. It should be particularly emphasized to treat the patients with corresponding targeted molecular changes. These molecular and genetic analysis should be performed! On the right areas of the cancers, ample amount of viable cancer cells, where the major roles of pathologists are lied. This introductory review of MTCT describes more details of each MTCT.
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PMID:Roles of pathologists in molecular targeted cancer therapy. 1989 8

Patients with well-differentiated neuroendocrine tumours of the gastrointestinal tract often present with metastases and hormonal symptoms. These patients can be palliated by interventional tumour reduction and medical treatment with somatostatin analogues; no effective chemotherapy is available. Radionuclide therapy via somatostatin receptors is one new therapeutic alternative. The recognition that neuroendocrine tumours express specific receptors for growth factors and chemokines, which are of importance for tumour growth, vascularization, and spread, may open the way for new therapeutic approaches. The signalling pathways in carcinoid tumours are incompletely explored. This review summarizes potential new treatment strategies from clinical and experimental studies, e.g. inhibition of angiogenesis, targeting of growth factors or their receptors by tyrosine kinase inhibitors, interference with specific cellular pathways (mTOR, PI3K, RAS/RAF, Notch), and also inhibition of the proteasome and histone deacetylation. Combining targeted therapy with chemotherapy, or using drugs to sensitize for radionuclide therapy, may enhance the treatment outcome.
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PMID:New medical strategies for midgut carcinoids. 2040 94

Neuroendocrine tumours (NET) of the digestive tract comprise a broad range of malignancies. The therapeutic approach to these tumours has not evolved as it did in other tumour types in the last two decades. The deeper knowledge of the underlying molecular biology behind the growth of neuroendocrine cells has brought much information to light. We now know that somatostatin analogues may not only be considered as symptomatic treatment but also as antitumour agents. Sunitinib, a tyrosine kinase (TK) inhibitor with antiangiogenic and antitumoural properties, has been shown to induce significant improvement in progression-free survival in a randomised trial conducted in well-differentiated pancreatic islet-cell NETs. The relevance of the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/protein kinase B/mammalian target of rapamycin (PI3K/Akt/mTOR) pathway seems to be crucial in gastroenteropancreatic (GEP)-NETs. In fact, mTOR inhibitors have shown activity in uncontrolled trials, and large, randomised trial results will be available shortly. In this article, we summarise the most recent available data on medical therapy for GEPNETs.
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PMID:Advances in the therapy of gastroenteropancreatic-neuroendocrine tumours (GEP-NETs). 2061 25

Neuroendocrine tumours (NETs) are increasing in both incidence and prevalence and, as a group, are more prevalent than either gastric, pancreatic, oesophageal or hepatobiliary adenocarcinomas, or any two of these cancers combined. Clinical awareness of the protean and intermittent symptoms of NETs (eg, sweating, flushing, diarrhoea, and bronchospasm) is critical for timely diagnosis; however, the classical carcinoid syndrome is relatively uncommon. The most useful diagnostic test for gastrointestinal NETs is measurement of plasma chromogranin A (CgA) levels. Disease extent is assessed by both anatomical imaging, and nuclear imaging with radiolabelled somatostatin analogues. Pathological evaluation comprises tumour-node-metastasis classification, a minimum pathological dataset, CgA and synaptophysin immunostaining, as well as mitotic count or Ki-67 index (a marker of cell proliferation) to define grading. Resection of the primary lesion and as much metastatic disease as possible increases the efficacy of medical therapy. Other management strategies include hepatic embolisation and peptide receptor radionuclide therapy. Patients with tumours expressing somatostatin receptors should be treated with somatostatin analogues. Depending on the tumour grade, other effective agents include cytotoxics, tyrosine kinase inhibitors, and antiangiogenics. The overarching requirement for best management of patients with NETs is to ensure that they have ready access to experienced multidisciplinary clinician groups located within centres of appropriate subspecialty expertise.
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PMID:Gastrointestinal neuroendocrine (carcinoid) tumours: current diagnosis and management. 2061 15


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