Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UNIPROT:P61278 (somatostatin)
 22,083 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Small cell carcinomas of the uterine cervix are rare tumors with an aggressive behavior. Although these tumors can exhibit neuroendocrine differentiation, the criteria for neuroendocrine differentiation are subjective and not well defined. In this study, the authors tentatively defined small cell neuroendocrine carcinoma (SCNEC) as a tumor composed of small cells with at least two of the following: argyrophilic cytoplasm, chromogranin A immunoreactivity, and synaptophysin immunoreactivity. We found 10 cases fulfilling these requirements. Five of the 10 tumors were composed mainly of small ("oat") cells and 5 of mainly larger "intermediate" cells. The majority of both subtypes showed an insular pattern. Three of the 10 SCNECs were pure, whereas the other seven were mixed with adenocarcinoma and/or squamous cell carcinoma or cervical intraepithelial neoplasia. In addition to the definitional markers noted earlier, the tumors were immunoreactive for serotonin (6 cases), somatostatin, gastrin, glucagon, and pancreatic polypeptide. No tumors were immunoreactive for cytokeratin 20. Human papillomavirus (HPV)-18 was detected in all of the pure tumors and both the SCNEC and adenocarcinomatous components in four of the mixed tumors. No other types of HPV were detected. The tumors showed a relatively low frequency of loss of heterozygosity for representative tumor suppressor gene sites; p53 mutations were found in only one case.
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PMID:Small cell neuroendocrine carcinomas of the uterine cervix: a histological, immunohistochemical, and molecular genetic study. 1538 6

The authors review the application of a variety of neuroendocrine cell markers to identify pancreatic islet cells and tumors. In the past, several empiric histochemical techniques had been used to demonstrate neuroendocrine cells, particularly the Grimelius argyrophilic stain. The development of immunohistochemistry made it possible to demonstrate specific cell products such as regulatory peptides, thus allowing the classification of pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors with a view to clinical symptoms. However, it is not always possible to visualize regulatory peptides in these tumors. It is therefore important to use broad-spectrum neuroendocrine cell markers to identify the neuroendocrine nature. These markers are proteins localized in the secretory granules (core- or membrane-related), in the cytosol, or in the cellular membrane. The markers most commonly used in routine histopathology are the secretory granule proteins chromogranin A and synaptophysin and the cytosolic enzyme neuronspecific enolase. Other new markers (e.g., synaptic vesicle protein 2) are of general diagnostic value. Region-specific antibodies to chromogranin A can be valuable in differentiating between benign and malignant neuroendocrine tumors. Some markers may be related to the functioning characteristics of pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors, such as prohormone convertases. In addition, markers giving further complementary information have been identified, such as five somatostatin receptor subtypes, the expression of which varies markedly in pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors. Antibodies against all somatostatin receptor subtypes are now commercially available, and immunohistochemical investigation of its expression should be routinely applied when considering treatment with somatostatin analogs.
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PMID:Neuroendocrine cell markers for pancreatic islets and tumors. 1555 29

Mammalian tissues contain two types of cannabinoid receptors CB1 and CB2. The aim of our study was an evaluation of the influence of a single i.p. injection of a stable analogue of an endogenous cannabinoid anandamide--R-(+)-methanandamide (2.5 mg/kg) and CP 55,940 (0.25 mg/kg), which is an exogenous agonist of CB1 receptors, on the immunoreactivity of regulatory peptides, produced in rat thyroid C cells: calcitonin, CGRP, somatostatin and synaptophysin. This study indicates that a single injection of cannabinoids: R-(+)-methanandamide and CP 55,940 alters the immunoreactivity of regulatory peptides in thyroid parafollicular cells.
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PMID:Influence of cannabinoids on immunoreactivity of regulatory peptides, produced in rat thyroid C cells; preliminary investigations. 1563 2

The aim of this study was to compare what changes are caused by high doses of cholecalciferol (100,000 UI vD3) and CaCl2 on thyroid parafollicular (C) cells and airways neuroendocrine (NE) cells in rat. Overdosage of vD3 and CaCl2 causes hypocalcaemia and strong hypercalcitoninemia in blood; C cells showed mainly signs of hypertrophy; simultaneously, the number of strong calcitoninpositive cells decreased significantly (statistically significant changes). Immunohistochemical reactions, detecting CGRP, somatostatin, synaptophysin and neuronspecific enolase did not fall under statistic analysis. Airways NE cells re-acted to hypercalcemia differently than C cells--they probably respond to different regulatory mechanisms.
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PMID:Estimation of influence of high doses of cholecalciferol on thyroid parafollicular and respiratory tract neuroendocrine cells; preliminary investigations. 1563 3

The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of co-exposure to cadmium (Cd) and ethanol on the structure and function of the thyroid. Male Wistar rats were exposed to 50 mg of Cd/dm3 in drinking water and ethanol in a dose of 5 g/kg body wt/24 h (administered intragastrically in two equal doses for 5 days a week) for 12 weeks. The structure of the thyroid was assessed in a light microscope. Immunohistochemical methods were used to determine calcitonin (CT), the calcitonin-gene related peptide (CGRP), somatostatin (ST) and synaptophysin (SPh) in the thyroid parafollicular cells (C cells). Weakening of the reactions for CT, CGRP, ST, SPh was observed in C cells. The animals, exposed to a combined action of Cd and ethanol, showed signs of enhanced activity (elevated light follicular epithelium and rarefied colloid), as well as features of intensified remodelling (partial or total follicular atrophy and the appearance of new follicles) of the thyroid gland. In some fragments of the connective tissue stroma mononuclear cell infiltration was observed. The nature of the changes, observed in the rats, simultaneously exposed to Cd and ethanol, may suggest an enhancement in the function of C cells.
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PMID:Histological evaluation of the thyroid structure after co-exposure to cadmium and ethanol. 1563 5

Gastrointestinal (GI) carcinoids are ill-understood, enigmatic malignancies, which, although slow growing compared with adenocarcinomas, can behave aggressively. Carcinoids are classified based on organ site and cell of origin and occur most frequently in the GI (67%) where they are most common in small intestine (25%), appendix (12%), and rectum (14%). Local manifestations--mass, bleeding, obstruction, or perforation--reflect invasion or tumor-induced fibrosis and often result in incidental detection at emergency surgery. Symptoms are protean (flushing, sweating, diarrhea, bronchospasm), usually misdiagnosed, and reflect secretion of diverse amines and peptides. Biochemical diagnosis is established by elevation of plasma chromogranin A (CgA), serotonin, or urinary 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA), while topographic localization is by Octreoscan, computerized axial tomography (CAT) scan, or endoscopy/ultrasound. Histological identification is confirmed by CgA and synaptophysin immunohistochemistry. Primary therapy is surgical excision to avert local manifestations and decrease hormone secretion. Hepatic metastases may be amenable to cytoreduction, radiofrequency ablation, embolization alone, or with cytotoxics. Hepatic transplantation may rarely be beneficial. Chemotherapy and radiotherapy have minimal efficacy and substantially decrease quality of life. Intravenously administered receptor-targeted radiolabeled somatostatin analogs are of use in disseminated disease. Local endoscopic excision for gastric (type I and II) and rectal carcinoids may be adequate. Somatostatin analogues provide the most effective symptomatic therapy, although interferon has some utility. Overall 5-year survival for carcinoids of the appendix is 98%, gastric (types I/II) is 81%, rectum is 87%, small intestinal is 60%, colonic carcinoids is 62%, and gastric type III/IV is 33%.
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PMID:Current status of gastrointestinal carcinoids. 1588 61

Neuroendocrine (NE) carcinoma was diagnosed in 10 dogs. In six cases examined by cephalometric radiography and computerized tomography, a large mass was seen to fill the nasal cavity. Histopathologically, sheets, nests or ribbons of neoplastic cells were separated by delicate or thick fibrovascular stroma. The neoplastic cells were round, oval, or spindle-shaped; cytoplasmic granules and hyperchromatic nuclei with prominent nucleoli were present. Neoplastic cells were invariably immunohistochemically positive for cytokeratin (CK) AE1/AE3, neuron-specific enolase, chromogranin A and vasoactive intestinal polypeptide. Eight dogs were positive for S100 protein, seven for synaptophysin, five for protein gene product 9.5, two for somatostatin, and one for Leu-7. Immunolabelling gave negative results for CK 8, CK 19, calcitonin, calcitonin gene-related polypeptide, neurofilaments, serotonin, gastrin and glial fibrillary acidic protein. Ultrastructurally, the neoplastic cells contained a large number of round, membrane-bounded, densely-cored granules corresponding to neurosecretory granules. These observations were consistent with the neuroendocrine nature of the carcinomas.
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PMID:Neuroendocrine carcinoma in the nasal cavity of ten dogs. 1604 21

The effects of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) on the development of presynaptic terminals and of neuronal subtypes in various brain areas were studied in BDNF-knockout (BDNF-/-) mice at postnatal days 15-17. Western analysis revealed no changes in the overall amount of a variety of synaptic proteins in BDNF-/- mice as compared to wild type mice. In addition, the complex between the vesicular proteins, synaptophysin and synaptobrevin, as well as their respective homodimers were unaltered. Moreover, no changes in the density of neurons were found in, e.g., the CA3 region of the hippocampus and the nucleus nervi facialis of BDNF-/- mice. However, cholinergic cells were reduced by 20% in the medial septum of BDNF-/- mice associated with a decrease in the activity of choline acetyltransferase and protein levels of nerve growth factor in the hippocampus by 16% and 44%, respectively. In the striatum, however, the total number of cholinergic cells were comparable in both groups, although the activity of choline acetyltransferase was decreased by 46%. In GABAergic interneurons, the expression of neuropeptides in various brain areas was differentially affected by BDNF deletion as revealed by immunohistochemistry. In the hippocampus and cortex of BDNF-/- mice, the density of neuropeptide Y-, somatostatin-, and parvalbumin-immunoreactive cells was drastically reduced, whereas the density of calretinin-positive cells was increased. The extent of these changes in neuropeptide-containing cells varied among hippocampal subregions. In the striatum, only the density of parvalbumin-immunoreactive cells was decreased by approximately 45%. In conclusion, BDNF deficiency is accompanied by a differential dysregulation in the expression of neuropeptides and calcium-binding proteins in otherwise intact GABAergic and glutamatergic neurons in a region-specific manner.
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PMID:Area-specific effects of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) genetic ablation on various neuronal subtypes of the mouse brain. 1609 99

The rat medial prefrontal cortex, an area considered homologous to the human prefrontal cortex, is a region in which neuronal structural plasticity has been described during adulthood. Some plastic processes such as neurite outgrowth and synaptogenesis are known to be regulated by the polysialylated form of the neural cell adhesion molecule (PSA-NCAM). Since PSA-NCAM is present in regions of the adult CNS which are undergoing structural remodeling, such as the hypothalamus or the hippocampus, we have analyzed the expression of this molecule in the medial prefrontal cortex of adult rats using immunohistochemistry. PSA-NCAM immunoreactivity was found both in cell bodies and in the neuropil of the three divisions of the medial prefrontal cortex. All cell somata expressing PSA-NCAM corresponded to neurons and 5' bromodeoxyuridine labeling after long survival times demonstrated that these neurons were not recently generated. Many of these PSA-NCAM immunoreactive neurons in the medial prefrontal cortex could be classified as interneurons on the basis of their morphology and glutamate decarboxylase, isoform 67 expression. Some of the PSA-NCAM immunoreactive neurons also expressed somatostatin, neuropeptide Y and calbindin-D28K. By contrast, pyramidal neurons in this cortical region did not appear to express PSA-NCAM. However, some of these principal neurons appeared surrounded by PSA-NCAM immunoreactive puncta. Some of these puncta co-expressed synaptophysin, suggesting the presence of synapses. Since the etiology of some psychiatric disorders has been related to alterations in medial prefrontal cortex structural plasticity, the study of PSA-NCAM expression in this region may open a new approach to the pathophysiology of these mental disorders.
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PMID:PSA-NCAM expression in the rat medial prefrontal cortex. 1621 31

Primary carcinoid tumors of the extrahepatic biliary tree are exceedingly rare, accounting for 0.2-2% of all digestive carcinoids. The authors in this study describe a case of biliary duct primary well-differentiated endocrine tumor in a 30-year-old man with symptoms of biliary obstruction and watery diarrhoea. Abdominal ultrasound showed a 2-cm solid lesion in the head of the pancreas, compressing the distal common bile duct. A computed tomography scan confirmed these findings, revealing the hypervascular pattern of the tumor. Gastrointestinal hormonal screening demonstrated an increase in plasma serotonin. The patient underwent standard pylorus-preserving pancreatoduodenectomy. Pathological examination showed a neuroendocrine tumor of the distal common bile duct measuring 1.8 cm in greatest dimension. The tumor cells were immunopositive for neuron-specific enolase (NSE), chromogranin A, synaptophysin, serotonin, and cytokeratin. Stains for gastrin and somatostatin were negative. Seven years later, the patient is well, with no evidence of disease. Given the site of these tumors and the difficulty in differentiating them from periampullary lesions, decisions as to the appropriate surgical approach may be problematic. After an exhaustive review of the literature, the authors conclude that pancreatoduodenectomy is the treatment of choice.
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PMID:Well-differentiated endocrine tumor of the distal common bile duct: a case study and literature review. 1667 Sep 30


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