Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UNIPROT:P61278 (somatostatin)
 22,083 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

A moderately differentiated grade 2 invasive ductal carcinoma was diagnosed in the right breast of an 81-year-old woman. The uniform nuclear profiles and moderately abundant granular cytoplasm suggested a neuroendocrine tumour and a Grimelius stain was positive. Neurone specific enolase, synaptophysin and somatostatin stained positively, and casein was interpreted as positive although with some background staining. By electron microscopy, tumour cells possessed desmosomes, tonofibrils, intercellular lumina, lamina and dense granules. Rounded dense granules 160-480 nm in diameter resembled neuroendocrine granules. They were found in both luminal and basal areas. Fewer and much larger ('giant') granules had a rounded profile and were up to 5 microm across. The smaller cytoplasmic granules were mostly Grimelius-positive while giant granules were negative. The smaller granules were also uranaffin-positive, but no uranaffin-positive cytoplasmic giant granules were encountered. Both small and giant granules were observed in lumina, and here both were uranaffin-positive. Intraluminal giant granules had a substructure of small pale lipid-like lacunae, and some had irregular profiles. The exceptional size of these exocrine granules is emphasised, and the nature of both the small and giant granules discussed in this amphicrine carcinoma.
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PMID:Amphicrine carcinoma of breast with giant granules: an immunohistochemical, histochemical and ultrastructural study. 1198 54

The expression of the five somatostatin receptor subtypes, sst1-5 was compared on tissue containing glial tumours (glioblastomas or oligodendrogliomas), medulloblastomas, and on normal human cortex. By semiquantitative reverse transcription coupled to polymerase chain reaction, the receptor expression profiles were high in cortex and in tissue containing oligodendrogliomas. It was moderate in medulloblastomas. Tissue containing glioblastomas displayed lower expression of somatostatin receptor subtypes, sst1 and sst3 being mostly expressed. By 125I-Tyr0DTrp8 somatostatin-14 or 125I-Leu8DTrp22 Tyr25 somatostatin-28 autoradiography combined with synaptophysin immunohistochemistry, it was possible to differentiate between isolated tumoral cell component infiltrating the cerebral parenchyma (cortex or white matter) and tumoral tissue (without residual parenchyma) in glioblastomas or oligodendrogliomas. Glial tumoral tissue per se presented few somatostatin receptors. By contrast, medulloblastoma tumoral cells exhibited numerous octreotide sensitive somatostatin receptors. sst2 immunocytochemistry demonstrated immunostaining of neuronal cells and neuropile; sst2 and sst3 immunostaining was identified on glioblastoma proliferating vessels endothelial cells and on medulloblastomas tumoral cells. Faint sst2 immunostaining among glial tumoral cells was due to microglia, while glioma cells did not significantly stain. In summary, medulloblastoma tumoral cells express sst2/sst3 receptors at a high level while glioma cells do not. In gliomas, sst expression is restricted to endothelial cells on proliferating vessels (displaying both sst2 and sst3 receptors), including parenchyma and reactive microglia (only sst2). The differential expression of sst2/sst3 receptors on gliomas and medulloblastomas has implications for the therapy of these tumours.
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PMID:Comparison of somatostatin receptor expression in human gliomas and medulloblastomas. 1204 21

Disturbances in renal homeostatic function lead to changes in endocrine cell secretory activity. The aim of this study was the histomorphological estimation of dependence of gastric APUD system cell morphology and function on the time after subtotal nephrectomy in Wistar rats. Fragments of gastric pylorus were collected 1. 2, 4, and 6 weeks after nephrectomy. Paraffin sections were stained with H+E and by silver impregnation. Immunohistochemical reactions with the use of specific antibodies against calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), synaptophysin (SPh). somatostatin (ST), and neuron-specific enolase (NSE) were also performed. Immunoreactivity of the examined substances in the pyloric mucosa in the first week after nephrectomy was lower than in the control group. However, in the following time intervals, endocrine cells showed stronger immunostaining in comparison with the control rats. The results suggest that chronic renal failure can modulate secretory activity of APUD system cells.
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PMID:The dynamics of morphological changes in the pyloric endocrine cells of rats with uremia. 1205 33

Hormonal disorders are the permanent symptoms of renal failure. They concern all known hormones and can be due to quantitative changes of the secretory activity and disturbances of endocrine cell functions. The aim of this study was to establish whether experimental thyroparathyroidectomy in uremic animals causes detectable histomorphological changes in endocrine cells of pancreatic islets. Thyroparathyroidectomy was performed in rats 30 days after nephrectomy. Fragments of pancreatic tissue were collected 14 days after the operation. Paraffin sections were stained with H+E and by silver salt impregnation. Immunohistochemical reactions were conducted using antibodies against calcitoningene-related peptide (CGRP), synaptophysin (SPh), somatostatin (ST), neuron-specific enolase (NSE), and chromogranin (CgA). It was shown that endocrine cells of pancreatic islets in thyroparathyroidectomized rats show intensified immunoreactivity to SPh and ST as compared to the control group of animals. Immunocytochemical reactions for NSE, CgA, and CGRP were negative.
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PMID:Preliminary evaluation of pancreatic islets in rats with experimental uremia and after thyroparathyroidectomy. 1205 34

The kidneys are responsible for iodine and of thyroid hormone biodegradation. The aim of this study was the histomorphological and immunohistochemical evaluation of the influence of sex on parafollicular thyroid C cells in rats with chronic renal failure. The experiment included 40 Wistar rats after subtotal nephrectomy, after sham operation, and without any surgical procedure. Two weeks after nephrectomy, fragments of thyroids were collected from the examined animals. Paraffin sections were stained with H+E and by silver impregnation. Calcitonin (CT), synaptophysin (SPh), somatostatin (ST), and neuron-specific enolase (NSE) were detected immunohistochemically in C cells. In rats with experimental uremia, immunostaining for the examined substances increased significantly in comparison to the controls. We also observed higher number of C cells with a stronger reaction in the group of males, compared to the female rats.
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PMID:Thyroid C cells in male and female rats with chronic renal failure. 1205 35

The effect of chronic (12 months) oral cadmium (Cd) administration (5 or 50 mg Cd/dm3) to rats on the structure and function of the thyroid was evaluated. Paraffin thyroid and parathyroid sections were stained with H+E and immunocytochemically for calcitonin (CT), somatostatin (ST), synaptophysin (SPh), chromogranin A (CgA) and thyroid transcription factor-1 (TTF-1). Serum levels of thyroid hormones: triiodothyronine (T3) and tetraiodothyronine (T4) as well as levels of Cd in the blood and calcium (Ca) in the serum were estimated. CT, ST and SPh were detected in C cells of the thyroid, while CgA in both thyroid and parathyroid cells. In animals exposed to Cd, proliferation of CT- and SPh-positive thyroid C cells was observed, ST being found only in very few C cells--both in control animals and in those exposed to Cd. Serum T3 concentration was not affected by Cd, while T4 was reduced but only at the exposure to the higher Cd concentration. Moreover, the rats exposed to Cd showed a decrease in serum Ca concentration.
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PMID:Effect of chronic administration of cadmium on the rat thyroid: radioimmunological and immunohistochemical studies. 1205 39

We discovered two well-demarcated nodules incidentally in a thyroid removed because of a nodular goiter. Histologically, the nodules showed a pattern of paraganglioma or so-called paraganglioma-like adenoma of the thyroid (PLAT), with lobules of polygonal and oval cells in a vascular stroma, but the immunohistochemical markers typical of paraganglioma, including chromogranin, synaptophysin, Leu 7 and 5-100, and thyroglobulin, characteristic of PLAT, were negative in the tumor cells. C-cell markers calcitonin and somatostatin were also negative. Stain for neuron-specific enolase (NSE), however, showed a distinctive pattern of reactivity within cells at the periphery of the lobules, whereas all tumor cells stained positively for keratins. Stain for carcinoembryonic antigen showed a focal interstitial pattern that corresponded to small intercellular spaces filled by microvilli identified ultrastructurally. This pattern of immunohistochemical staining has not been previously described in paraganglioma or in PLAT, and may have implications about the origin and nature of these controversial entities.
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PMID:Paraganglioma-Like Adenomas of the Thyroid (PLAT): Incidental Lesions with Unusual Features in a Patient with Nodular Goiter. 1211 35

We report a unique case of gallbladder adenocarcinoma associated with florid neuroendocrine cell nests and extensive Paneth cell metaplasia that has not been described previously. The patient was a 79-yr-old woman with a pedunculated, polypoid mass in the gallbladder. Microscopically, the mass was composed at tumor cells showing tubular and papillary growth patterns, consistent with well-differentiated adenocarcinoma. One-third or more of the tumor cell showed Paneth cell appearance. Goblet cell-type tumors were also intermingled. In addition, neuroendocrine cell nests, that were connected to the neoplastic glands, were scattered throughout the stroma. lmmunohistochemically, the labeling index of MIB-1 in adenocarcinoma cells including Paneth cell-type carcinoma cells was approx 40%. Neuron-specific enolase, chromogranin A, and synaptophysin were positive in the neuroendocrine cells forming solid nests and intermingled within neoplastic glands. They were immunopositive for serotonin but negative for insulin, glucagon, somatostatin, and pancreatic polypeptide (PP). Although MIB-1-positive neuroendocrine cell nests were very few with weak staining, we think that the neuroendocrine cell nests were neoplastic in nature. The formation of the multifocal neuroendocrine nests may be a consequence of the trophic effects of unknown substance(s), which can promote serotonin producing neuroendocrine cells to proliferate. We postulate that Paneth cell-type carcinoma cells may be intimately related to such substance(s) in our case.
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PMID:Gallbladder Adenocarcinoma with Florid Neuroendocrine Cell Nests and Extensive Paneth Cell Metaplasia. 1211 61

A 31-year-old woman presented with progressive weight gain, facial acne, round facies, hirsutism, and secondary amenorrhea. Her plasma cortisol, urinary free cortisol, and plasma ACTH were elevated. CT scan of abdomen revealed bilateral diffuse adrenal enlargement. MRI of pituitary failed to identify a lesion. CT scan of chest revealed an 8 mm nodule in the lower lobe of the left lung. The diagnosis of ectopic Cushing's syndrome was made. The lung tumor was surgically removed. The tumor measured up to 1.5 cm in diameter. By light microscopy, a tumor with characteristic features of bronchial carcinoid was noted. Immunostains were positive for neuron-specific enolase, synaptophysin, chromogranin, low-molecular-weight keratin, ACTH, beta endorphin, corticotropin-releasing hormone, bombesin, alpha subunit, and somatostatin. Electron microscopy revealed an endocrine neoplasm. The secretory granules displayed great variation subdividing the endocrine neoplasm. The secretory granules displayed great variation subdividing the cell population into an undetermined number of phenotypes. In situ hybridization demonstrated positivity for pro-opiomelanocortin mRNA in the tumor cells. Postoperatively, plasma cortisol had fallen. The patient remained symptom-free one year later. The case presented here was regarded as a plurihormonal bronchial carcinoid associated with ectopic Cushing's syndrome. This unique plurihormonal bronchial carcinoid tumor produced three hormones, ACTH, CRH, and bombesin, that may have contributed to the patient's ectopic Cushing's syndrome.
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PMID:Plurihormonal Bronchial Carcinoid Associated with Ectopic Cushing's Syndrome. 1211 73

Islets of Langerhans account for 2 g of endocrine tissue in the pancreas, comprising approximately one million islets, with each containing 1000 endocrine cells. The major hormone secreted from the islets is insulin, which regulates blood glucose, the main fuel of the body. Islets also secrete glucagon, somatostatin and pancreatic polypeptide and all are involved in the paracrine mechanism. Islet cells can be stained immunohistochemically for the general endocrine markers, chromogranin A, synaptophysin, neuron-specific enolase and Leu7. Beta islet cells are well equipped with glucose transporter 2, which binds to glucose and regulates diffusion of glucose through the beta cell membrane. As all four islet hormones are initially synthesized as prohormones, all islet cells are equipped with prohormone convertase 1/3 and 2. In addition, islet cells also contain zinc-containing matrix metalloproteinases and their inhibitors, metallothionein, cyclin-dependent kinases and insulin-like growth factors, and many more hormones, peptides and enzymes. Thus, islets not only secrete insulin and other pancreatic hormones but are a complex organ whose major function is glucose homeostasis.
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PMID:New markers for pancreatic islets and islet cell tumors. 1216 99


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