Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UNIPROT:P61278 (somatostatin)
 22,083 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Biopsy specimens obtained from eight patients with lung cancer were tested for content of somatostatin receptors by autoradiography. Somatostatin receptors were detected in two of three patients with small cell lung cancer (SCLC) but in none of five patients with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) including adenocarcinoma (two), squamous cell carcinoma (two), and bronchoalveolar carcinoma (one). In those with SCLC, specific somatostatin receptor binding was evidenced only in tumor foci and not in surrounding stroma or normal lung parenchyma. Further tissue characterization by immunoperoxidase staining with the pancytokeratin monoclonal antibody, mAB-lu-5, revealed labeling to all of the NSCLC but to none of the SCLC specimen. Selective immunoreactivity was detected in both the SCLC and the NSCLC specimen to chromogranin and neuron-specific enolase (NSE) whereas none of the specimen had detectable immunostaining to somatostatin, bombesin, serotonin, adrenocorticotropic hormone, neurofilament, calcitonin, and synaptophysin. The identification of somatostatin receptors in primary human lung cancer may have a bearing on the biology of this disease and perhaps on the clinical application of somatostatin analogues in patients with SCLC.
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PMID:Identification of somatostatin receptors in human small cell lung carcinoma. 217 45

Knowledge about the distribution and origins of peptide-containing nerves in the innervated and transplanted heart is lacking. Immunohistochemical and histochemical techniques were used to visualize human cardiac innervation before and after transplantation. In the recipient heart cardiac nerve fibers and fascicles displayed immunoreactivity for general neural (protein gene product 9.5 and synaptophysin) and Schwann cell markers (S-100). A major proportion of cardiac nerves displayed neuropeptide tyrosine and tyrosine hydroxylase immunofluorescence staining. Subpopulations of nerves contained somatostatin, vasoactive intestinal polypeptide, calcitonin gene-related peptide, substance P- or neurokinin-like immunoreactivity, and acetylcholinesterase activity. Tissues from cardiac allografts (5 weeks to 63 months after transplantation) contained nerves and ganglion cells that were acetylcholinesterase positive and immunoreactive for the general neural markers. These nerves were less numerous than in recipient hearts and rarely displayed neuropeptide immunostaining. Atrial natriuretic peptide immunoreactivity was localized to myocardial cells in transplanted hearts as well as explanted recipient and postmortem hearts. While most human cardiac allografts remain functionally extrinsically denervated, they appear to contain viable intrinsic nerves, and myocardial cells retain the capacity to produce atrial natriuretic peptide.
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PMID:Immunohistochemical demonstration of human cardiac innervation before and after transplantation. 231 94

The nuclear DNA content of 17 pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors was measured from paraffin-embedded tissue with flow cytometry. The tumors were classified by immunostaining with antisera for synaptophysin, insulin, gastrin, glucagon, pancreatic polypeptide, somatostatin, and vasoactive intestinal polypeptide. Eight (47%) of the 17 tumors were aneuploid, and two (12%) were multiploid (had two aneuploid stemlines of cells). Seven of the eight insulinomas, one of the four gastrinomas, and two of the four nonspecified neuroendocrine tumors had an abnormal nuclear DNA content. The DNA indices of the aneuploid and multiploid cases ranged from 1.13 to 1.93, and three cases had a DNA index greater than 1.50. During the follow-up for up to 16 years (mean, 7 years), one patient with diploid nonspecified tumor died of the disease, another patient with a multiploid gastrinoma had metastatic disease develop, and a third patient with a multiploid nonspecified tumor was alive with the disease. The authors conclude that many neuroendocrine tumors of the pancreas have an abnormal nuclear DNA content as measured by DNA flow cytometry. DNA multiploid pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors may be associated with a less favorable clinical course, but this needs to be confirmed in additional studies.
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PMID:DNA ploidy in pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors. 234 35

Six pulmonary spindle cell carcinoids were reviewed. The patients were asymptomatic women ranging from 56 to 76 years of age. Four cases were diagnosed or suspected by percutaneous needle aspiration biopsy. The four patients treated by wedge resection or lobectomy showed no recurrence during the followup period; one patient was followed radiologically without resection for over five years, during which time the lesion remained stable. The cytologic preparations showed groups and single oval or elongated cells that had nuclei with finely granular, evenly dispersed chromatin, usually one small nucleolus and easily disrupted, finely granular cytoplasm. The histologic sections showed circumscribed or infiltrative neoplasms growing as sheets or vaguely organoid cell masses with vascular, focally hyalinized stroma. Immunoreactivity for chromogranin, neuron-specific enolase, synaptophysin, S-100 protein and Leu-7 was typically present; bombesin, serotonin, insulin and calcitonin were focally present in some cases. No reactivity for adrenocorticotropic hormone, somatostatin, gastrin, vasoactive intestinal polypeptide, pancreatic polypeptide, low-molecular-weight cytokeratin (MAK-6) or carcinoembryonic antigen was observed.
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PMID:Pulmonary spindle cell carcinoid. Needle aspiration biopsy, histologic and immunohistochemical findings. 240 75

A case of gangliocytic paraganglioma (GP) of the ampulla of Vater is reported and the literature reviewed, with special attention to immunohistochemical studies. The present case, which occurred in a 56-year-old woman, shows the typical histological admixture of epithelioid, ganglion and spindle cells. Immunohistochemistry reveals strong reactivity for synaptophysin, Leu-7, somatostatin, S-100 protein and vimentin. A few ganglion cells are reactive for neurofilaments. Chromogranin A, myelin basic protein, desmin and cytokeratin are absent. Immunohistochemical data from literature regarding the cytoskeletal composition of GPs are not unequivocal: cytokeratin and neurofilament positivity is reported by some authors and denied by others. More uniformity is reported concerning the peptides produced by GPs: somatostatin and pancreatic polypeptide are the most frequently found antigens, followed by serotonin. General neuroendocrine markers like neuron specific enolase and protein gene product 9.5 are always positive, whereas chromogranins are rarely found. S-100 protein is always positive in the spindle cell component. Our data are in keeping with those previously reported and add the diffuse positivity for the Leu-7 antigen and the positivity of ganglion cells for synaptophysin. The nature of the tumour is still a matter of debate and it is difficult to agree with either of the proposed hypotheses--hamartoma/choristoma versus true neoplasm. However the recent reports of the occasional malignant evolution of GPs may support their true neoplastic nature.
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PMID:Duodenal gangliocytic paraganglioma. Report of a case and review of the literature. 247 67

Large cell neuroendocrine (LCNE) carcinomas of the lung are a newly recognized, highly aggressive and frequently misdiagnosed entity. We report a case of stage I LCNE lung carcinoma initially misdiagnosed as large cell undifferentiated carcinoma or poorly differentiated adenocarcinoma. The tumor was very extensively necrotic and its neuroendocrine differentiation was only demonstrable with immunohistochemical staining with PHE-5 monoclonal antibody and with antisera against synaptophysin and calcitonin. ACTH, somatostatin and neurofilaments were not demonstrable. The clinical course was ominous and the patient died within 17 months. The reason for this rapid fatal outcome could be ascribed either to the neuroendocrine phenotype of the tumor, or to the extensive necrosis, or both.
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PMID:Large cell neuroendocrine carcinoma of the lung. 255 26

To correlate the expression of neuro-endocrine (NE) markers with the presence of somatostatin receptors (SSR) in human breast cancer, a series of 100 cases was stained with the Grimelius silver procedure, by immunocytochemistry with specific NE markers (i.e., chromogranin A and B and synaptophysin) and by autoradiography for SSR. Nine cases were positive for at least one NE marker, while 4 cases were positive for all of them. SSR were detected in 17 cases, either with low (10 cases) or with high receptor density (7 cases). A highly significant correlation was established between the expression of NE markers and high SSR density. Our findings are additional evidence of the existence of a group of breast cancers showing morphological and cytochemical similarity with neuro-endocrine tumors present in other organs. The identification of this type of breast cancer is of biological and potential therapeutic interest.
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PMID:Correlative study on neuro-endocrine differentiation and presence of somatostatin receptors in breast carcinomas. 256 77

Twenty-one cases of cutaneous neuroendocrine (Merkel cell) carcinoma (CNEC) were examined by the ABC-immunoperoxidase method with a panel of antibodies to 5 intermediate filaments, 6 neuroendocrine-associated antigens, 6 peptide hormones, as well as melanoma-associated cytoplasmic antigen (HMB-45) and leukocyte common antigen. All tumors showed strong cytokeratin staining in characteristic dense, inclusion-like, cytoplasmic globules and in a reticular peripheral cytoplasmic pattern. Cytoplasmic coexpression of inclusions of neurofilament antigen was observed in 9/21 cases. Staining for one or more neuroendocrine markers in formalin-fixed tissue (bombesin, 7/20; chromogranin, 11/21; synaptophysin, 6/21) was weak and focal but present in 17/21 cases. In 3 cases, sections of unfixed, snap-frozen tumor were compared with formalin-fixed tissue, and these showed strong, diffuse staining for multiple neuroendocrine antigens. Immunostaining for peptide hormones was not observed, with the exception of weak, focal staining for insulin (1 case), calcitonin (1 case) and somatostatin (2 cases). In 13 cases DNA indices and S-phase fractions (SPF) were determined by flow cytometry on nuclear suspensions from paraffin blocks. DNA histograms in 12 of 13 cases had normal range DNA content (diploid) and elevated S-phase fractions (mean 15%, range 8 to 22%). Mean SPF was not significantly different in the group of patients who developed recurrent and/or metastatic disease (15.6%, N = 10) compared with patients without recurrence (15.8%, N = 10).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Cutaneous neuroendocrine (Merkel cell) carcinoma: an immunophenotypic, clinicopathologic, and flow cytometric study. 266 40

Nerves containing peptides that supply the human intrapulmonary vasculature were studied in 21 controls aged one month to 24 years and in 13 patients with pulmonary hypertension aged 11 days to eight years. An indirect immunofluorescence technique was used to study the distribution and relative density of nerve fibres containing the general neuronal marker, protein gene product 9.5; tyrosine hydroxylase; synaptophysin; neuropeptide tyrosine; vasoactive intestinal polypeptide; substance P, somatostatin; and calcitonin gene related peptide. At all ages in normal and hypertensive lungs neuropeptide tyrosine was the predominant neuropeptide associated with the pulmonary vascular nerves. In normal lungs the relative density of nerve fibres increased during childhood only in the arteries of the respiratory unit. Pulmonary hypertension was associated with the premature innervation of these arteries during the first year of life. Innervation of small, abnormally thick-walled pre-capillary vessels by predominantly vasoconstrictor nerves may help to explain the susceptibility of infants to pulmonary hypertensive crises.
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PMID:A study of nerves containing peptides in the pulmonary vasculature of healthy infants and children and of those with pulmonary hypertension. 268 36

A study of gangliocytic paragangliomas (GPs) of the gastrointestinal tract from 51 patients showed characteristic microscopic features: epithelioid cells with an endocrine growth pattern, spindle cells, and ganglion cells. Forty-nine tumors were located in the duodenum, 1 in the jejunum, and 1 in the pylorus. Twenty-one patients were female, 28 male, and for two the sex was unknown. The average age at presentation was 54 years (range, 23-83). No patient had a recurrence. No neuroendocrine syndrome was found in any patient or patient's family. Immunohistochemical stains in 33 cases yielded the following (proportion positive): S-100 protein 94%, synaptophysin 94%, neuron-specific enolase 94%, pancreatic polypeptide 88%, somatostatin 75%, chromogranin 72%, neurofilament protein 64%, keratin 52%, leu-enkephalin 48%, serotonin (one case), and gastrin (one case). Antisera usually stained one or two of the three major cell types. Pancreatic-type tissue was identified in or near 28 tumors, including the pyloric and jejunal lesions and two in the distal duodenum. The authors conclude that GP is benign; is not associated with endocrine syndromes; contains autonomic, neural, and endocrine cell types; and is related to pancreatic development.
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PMID:Gangliocytic paraganglioma. 275 Jul 1


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