Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: UNIPROT:P61278 (somatostatin)
 22,083 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The endocrine pancreas of the southern hairy-nosed wombat (Lasiorhinus latifrons) was investigated by means of electron-microscope immunocytochemistry using the protein A--gold technique on London resin (LR) white-embedded tissue. The primary antibodies used were raised against insulin, glucagon, somatostatin and pancreatic polypeptide. The morphology of the secretory granules differed in the four cell types. The insulin cells are pleiomorphic, and the secretory granules composed of an electron-dense core surrounded by an electron-lucent halo. The glucagon cells possess granules of varying density. Somatostatin cells have large, less dense secretory granules. The pancreatic polypeptide cells show small dense secretory granules. It is essential that it be corroborated by immunocytochemical data at the light or preferably electron-microscopical level for the definite identification of endocrine cell types. Recent developments in immuno-electron-microscopic techniques have contributed to a better knowledge of cells responsible for the secretion of a wide variety of hormones, as in this study.
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PMID:Immunocytochemical identification of cells containing insulin, glucagon, somatostatin, and pancreatic polypeptide in islets of Langerhans of the wombat pancreas with electron microscopy. 935 33

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of somatostatin (SST) in peripheral nerve terminals using local application of the SST receptor (SSTR) antagonist cyclo-somatostatin (c-SOM) injected into the receptive fields of cutaneous afferent fibers innervating the dorsal hairy skin in anesthetized rats. Single unit activity was recorded in teased filaments from the dorsal cutaneous nerve branch. Recordings were obtained from 206 primary afferent fibers. They were classified as C (n=70), Adelta (n=84) or Abeta (n=52) fibers based upon their conduction velocity. For C and Adelta fibers, mean discharge rate increased and mechanical threshold decreased significantly to 10 microL of 12.8 and 128 microM injected subcutaneously, but not to 0.128 and 1.28 microM c-SOM injection. For Abeta fibers, no dose of c-SOM changed their discharge rate or their mechanical sensitivity. In control experiments, injection of normal saline (NS) had no effect on any of the units tested. Octreotide (20 microM, 10 microL), an SSTR agonist, successfully reversed the increase in discharge rates and the decrease in mechanical thresholds in C and Adelta fibers when it was pre-administrated into the receptive field before c-SOM injection. These results provide evidence that somatostatin tonically inhibits the peripheral nerve terminals of small-diameter cutaneous afferent fibers.
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PMID:Tonic inhibition of somatostatin on C and Adelta afferent fibers in rat dorsal skin in vivo. 1959 79

The aim of the present study was to investigate whether local application of octreotide, an analogue of somatostatin, suppresses the glutamate-evoked activities of Adelta and C primary afferent fibers innervating dorsal hairy skin of the rat in vivo. The single unit activity of Adelta and C afferent fibers was recorded in isolated filaments from the dorsal cutaneous branches of the T9-T12 spinal nerves. Changes in discharge relative to baseline during injection of glutamate (0.3mM, 10microL) into the receptive field with pretreatment by octreotide (20microM, 10microL) were compared with injection after pretreatment with normal saline. Most of Adelta fibers (21/27, 78%) and C fibers (21/26, 81%) in the dorsal cutaneous branches were significantly activated by local injection of glutamate following saline injection. The mean discharge rates increased from 2.39+/-0.30 and 2.42+/-0.37 impulses/min to 12.79+/-2.04 and 13.56+/-2.56 impulses/min during injection of glutamate for Adelta and C fibers, respectively. After octreotide pretreatment group, glutamate increased the mean discharge rates from 1.93+/-0.38 and 2.25+/-0.29 impulses/min to 6.11+/-0.9 and 6.31+/-1.18 impulses/min in Adelta fibers and C fibers, respectively. The discharge rates during injection of glutamate after octreotide pretreatment were significantly lower than after normal saline pretreatment. The suppressive effect of octreotide was reversed by the somatostatin receptor antagonist cyclo-somatostatin. These results suggest that interactions between excitatory amino acid and inhibitory neuropeptides may contribute to sensory signaling in the peripheral nervous system.
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PMID:Local effects of octreotide on glutamate-evoked activation of Adelta and C afferent fibers in rat hairy skin. 2011 2

Our knowledge about human gastric enteric neuron types is even more limited than that of human intestinal types. Here, we immunohistochemically stained wholemounts and sections of gastric specimens obtained from 18 tumor-resected patients. Myenteric wholemounts were labeled for choline acetyl transferase (ChAT), neuronal nitric oxide synthase (NOS), and the human neuronal protein HuC/D (as pan-neuronal marker for quantitative analysis) or alternatively for neurofilament (for morphological evaluation). ChAT-positive neurons outnumbered NOS-positive neurons (56 vs. 27%), and neurons negative for both markers accounted for 17%. Two larger groups of neurons (each between 12 and 14%) costained for ChAT and vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) or for NOS and VIP, respectively. Clear morphochemical correlation was found for uniaxonal stubby type I neurons (ChAT+; putative excitatory inter- or motor neurons), for uniaxonal spiny type I neurons (NOS+/VIP+; putative inhibitory motor or interneurons), and for multiaxonal type II neurons (ChAT+; putative afferent neurons; immunostaining of additional wholemounts revealed their coreactivity for somatostatin). Whereas these latter neuron types were already known from the human intestine, the morphology of gastric myenteric neurons coreactive for ChAT and VIP was newly described: they had numerous short, extremely thin dendrites and resembled, together with their cell bodies, a "hairy" head. In our sections, nerve fibers coreactive for ChAT and VIP were commonly found only in the mucosa. We suggest these myenteric ChAT+/VIP+/hairy neurons to be mucosal effector neurons. In contrast to myenteric neurons, the much less common submucosal neurons were not embedded in a continuous plexus and did not display any clear morphochemical phenotypes.
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PMID:Morphological and Immunohistochemical Characterization of Human Intrinsic Gastric Neurons. 3123 45