Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UNIPROT:P61278 (somatostatin)
 22,083 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Radioimmunoassays for somatostain have demonstrated that high concentrations of the polypeptide are present in the pancreas and gastrointestinal tract of a number of species. Although measurement in tissue extracts is relatively unproblematic, detection and characterization of somatostatin-like material in plasma has proved technically difficult. Studies of pancreatic somatostatin release in vitro suggest a possible function in the regulation of islet hormone secretion, but the mode of action remains to be elucidated. Although, at present, no clinical relevance can be attributed to the somatostain radioimmunoassay reports of somatostatin secreting tumors and changes in stomach tissue content in patients with ulcer disease indicate a contributory role in the pathophysiology of certain disease states.
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PMID:The radioimmunoassay and physiology of somatostatin in the pancreas and gastrointestinal tract. 34 6

Using the indirect immunofluorescence technique of Coons and collaborators, neurons containing substance P-, enkephalin-, vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP)--and somatostatin-like immuno-reactivity have been identified in the peripheral nervous system. They have a widespread distribution, particularly in the gastrointestinal and urinary tracts. Whereas part of these peptide containing fibres may belong to sensory neurons, the majority seem to have their origin in peripheral autonomic ganglia, indicating a complex built up of the autonomic nervous system. There is evidence that some noradrenergic neurons contain somatostatin, which may suggest that one neuron can synthesize and store two transmitters. The significance of such neurons, as well as of peripheral peptide neurons in general, remains to be elucidated.
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PMID:Peptide neurons in peripheral tissues including the urinary tract: immunohistochemical studies. 36 19

The distribution of peptide hormone-like immunostaining in the gastrointestinal tract of 11 teleost species was investigated by immunofluorescence. Cells immunoreactive for somatostatin were found in the glandular epithelium of the stomach of four species and in the epithelium of the pyloric appendage of one species. The mid-gut epithelium contained cells reactive with antibodies to glucagon (three species), gastrin (five species), pancreatic polypeptide (five species), and substance P (two species). Cells immunoreactive for met-enkephalin were found in the epithelium of both the mid-gut and the stomach of six species. In six species in which the endocrine pancreas was investigated, insulin-, glucagon-, and somatostatin-like immunoreactivity was observed. Pancreatic polypeptide was definitely localised by immunostaining in cells of the endocrine pancreas of only one out of three species examined. Vasocative intestinal polypeptide-, neurotensin-, bombesin-, and enkephalin-like immunoreactivity was identified in the gastrointestinal nerve fibres in various species. In view of the considerable species variation found, caution should be exercised in generalising about the peptides present in the gastrointestinal tract of fish.
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PMID:Peptide hormone-like immunoreactivity in the gastrointestinal tract and endocrine pancreas of eleven teleost species. 38 3

1. Pancreotone is a polypeptide material obtained from ileal and colonic mucosa by extraction with alcohol and subsequent precipitation by bile salts. 2. In anaesthetized cats in inhibits the actions of secretin on the pancreas, and of pancreozymin on the pancreas and gall-bladder. 3. Pancreotone has a less powerful inhibitory action on pentagastrin-stimulated gastric secretion. 4. The actions of pancreotone resemble the inhibitory effects on the pancreas and stomach of intraileal and intracolonic infusions of oleic acid and other substances in cats with the vagal and splanchnic nerves cut. Pancreotone may be the humoral mediator of these inhibitory effects. 5. A possible relationship between the actions of pancreotone and somatostatin on the stomach, and of pancreotone and pancreatic polypeptide on the pancreas, is discussed.
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PMID:Pancreotone, an inhibitor of pancreatic secretion in extracts of ileal and colonic mucosa. 38 34

Complementing cytochemical and ultrastructural studies, immunocytochemistry may be used to define, in terms of immunoreactivity, the nature of the polypeptide(s) made and stored in the cells of the endocrine pancreas, islet or otherwise. Immunoserums are applied to histological sections after fixation of the material in Bouin's fluid, and in accordance with four protocols: indirect immunofluorescence, immuno-enzymatic technique, variants in prolonged primary incubation and the method of soluble peroxidase-antiperoxidase complexes. Certain precautions are essential for correct interpretation. In the adult, four essential immunoreactions, corresponding to hormones or "local hormones" are regularly detected:insulin, pancreatic glucagon, somatostatin, pancreatic polypeptide. The cytochemical and ultrastructural characteristics of the cells involved are known (B, A and D cells for the first three specificities). C-peptide immunoreactivity is easily identified, but other immunoreactivities are more irregular or contested: gastrin, cholecystokinin, vasoactive intestinal peptide, ACTH, met-enkephalin.
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PMID:[Practical immunocytochemistry of the endocrine pancreas]. 39 37

Immunocytochemical techniques, applied to material fixed with Bouin's fluid and using immune sera specific to various hormonal polypeptide(s), give a classification of pancreatic and pancreatico-duodenal apudomas based upon cellular functional activity. With a rane containing a minimum of five antibodies (gastrin, insulin, glucagon, somatostatin and pancreatic polypeptide), 15 tumours could be identified amongst the 22 tested. They were either "monohormonal" tumours (10 cases) or "bi- or polyhormonal" tumours (5 cases). In the remaining 7 cases, only rare cells were immunoreactive. A large number of immunoreactivities thus revealed in histological sections are clinically silent or are present in a "forme fruste".
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PMID:[Immunocytochemistry of pancreatic and pancreatico-duodenal apudomas]. 39 71

1) In electively immuno-induced carcinomas of the exocrine pancrease in Mice, where A (glucagon) and B (insulin) endocrine cells persist, cells with a pancreatic polypeptide immunoreactivity are also detected, even in late evolution stages. These cells, like D cells, containing somatostatin, are localized only in the pancreatic remains surrounding the anaplasic carcinomatous tissue: islets, adenomatous parenchyma, and ductular epithelium. Ultrastructure of these cells shows their active elaboration of numerous chracteristic secretion granules. (2) Immunocytoenzymatic detection of gastrin is negative in the exocrine and endocrine pancreatic tissues. However one of the anti-gastrin sera used gives a positive reaction, in some carinomatous cells only. Does this immunoreactivity characterize a polypeptide specific to the pancreatic carcinomatous cell?
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PMID:[Presence of "pancreatic polypeptide" cells, and gastrin immunoreactivity in immuno-induced exocrine pancreas carcinoma]. 41 May 28

A gene for somatostatin, a mammalian peptide (14 amino acid residues) hormone, was synthesized by chemical methods. This gene was fused to the Escherichia coli beta-galactosidase gene on the plasmid pBR322. Transformation of E. coli with the chimeric plasmid DNA led to the synthesis of a polypeptide including the sequence of amino acids corresponding to somatostatin. In vitro, active somatostatin was specifically cleaved from the large chimeric protein by treatment with cyanogen bromide. This represents the first synthesis of a functional polypeptide product from a gene of chemically synthesized origin.
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PMID:Expression in Escherichia coli of a chemically synthesized gene for the hormone somatostatin. 41 51

Substance P, somatostatin, enkephalin and vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) did not mimic the inhibitory responses to non-adrenergic, non-cholinergic nerve stimulation. Substance P (0.1-10 microgram/ml) always caused contraction, enkephalin (0.1-10 microgram/ml) and somatostatin (0.1 microgram/ml) were inactive, while VIP (0.1-1 microgram/ml) produced very slow relaxation, taking about 4 min to reach a maximum after a latency of about 60 sec. Low concentrations of neurotensin (1-10 ng/mg) caused contraction, but at higher concentrations (50-1000 ng/ml) it produced a biphasic response which consisted of an initial contraction followed by a slow relaxation. In high tone preparations, the slow relaxation did not mimic the nerve-mediated response, taking approximately 43 sec. to reach maximum, after a long latency of about 15 sec. In contrast, ATP (0.1-50 microgram/ml) mimicked closely the rapid responses to non-adrenergic, non-cholinergic nerve stimulation in all preparations, whether the tone was low, medium or high. The time for the inhibitory response to reach maximum was about 15 sec after a latency of approximately 1 sec. Indomethacin (3.4-34 microgram/ml) did not unmask any inhibitory responses to any of the peptides. It is concluded that ATP remains the most likely substance to be the inhibitory transmitter released from non-adrenergic, non-cholinergic nerves supplying the smooth muscle of the taenia coli.
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PMID:Effects of neuronal polypeptides on intestinal smooth muscle; a comparison with non-adrenergic, non-cholinergic nerve stimulation and ATP. 42 25

Twenty-five years ago we described an extraction procedure for porcine secretin in which the intestinal tissue is briefly boiled in water and then extracted with dilute acid at low temperature. Boiling in water, which inactivates proteolytic enzymes, does not extract secretin, and extraction with acid in the cold will minimize cleavage of acid labile peptide structures. This extraction procedure has formed the basis for the isolation not only of secretin but also of cholecystokinin-pancreozymin (CCK) and, in collaboration with other laboratories, of the vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP), the gastric inhibitory peptide (GIP), and motilin. Recently it has been used for the isolation of an N-terminally extended somatostatin from intestinal tissue, and of a peptide, from both nonantral gastric and intestinal tissues, with gastrin-releasing and probably cholecystokinin-releasing properties. A technique has been worked out permitting the chemical analysis, in certain cases, of polypeptide hormones in the presence of other polypeptides, the polypeptide mixture being exposed to fragmentation conditions known to result in characteristic hormone fragments, which are then extracted and quantitated. The technique can also be useful for the isolation of previously unknown peptides by identifying fragments of such and tracing them back to their peptides of origin.
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PMID:Some contributions to the chemistry of the gastrointestinal hormones. 45 17


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