UNIPROT:P61278 - FACTA Search

Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts: Target Concepts:

Query: UNIPROT:P61278 (somatostatin)
22,083 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The enzyme activities of glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD), tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) and choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) and concentrations of substance P (SP) and somatostatin were determined in the cerebellum of macaque monkey (Macaca fuscata fuscata) at 3 different ages, embryonic 4 months, embryonic 5.5 months (full-term) and adult. Similar graded increases in the activities of GAD and TH were observed during development. In contrast, ChAT activity was relatively high at embryonic 4 months, increased about twofold between embryonic 4 months and 5.5 months, but did not change between embryonic 5.5 months and adult. These findings suggest that noradrenergic terminals develop synchronously with GABAergic interneurons. On the other hand, the innervation by ChAT-containing fibers is completed during the prenatal period. The concentrations of somatostatin and SP were high at embryonic 4 months, and decreased to, respectively, about 1/18 and 1/4 (expressed per g weight) in adult animals. Several interpretations of the decrease of the two neuropeptides in cerebellar tissue during ontogeny are discussed.
...
PMID:Ontogeny of glutamic acid decarboxylase, tyrosine hydroxylase, choline acetyltransferase, somatostatin and substance P in monkey cerebellum. 243 22

Counts performed on dissociated cell cultures of E10 chick embryo dorsal root ganglia (DRG) showed after 4-6 days of culture a pronounced decline of the neuronal population in neuron-enriched cultures and a net gain in the number of ganglion cells in mixed DRG cell cultures (containing both neurons and nonneuronal cells). In the latter case, the increase in the number of neurons was found to depend on NGF and to average 119% in defined medium or 129% in horse serum-supplemented medium after 6 days of culture. The lack of [3H]thymidine incorporation into the neuronal population indicated that the newly formed ganglion cells were not generated by proliferation. On the contrary, the differentiation of postmitotic neuroblasts present in the nonneuronal cell compartment was supported by sequential microphotographs of selected fields taken every hour for 48-55 hr after 3 days of culture. Apparently nonneuronal flat dark cells exhibited morphological changes and gradually evolved into neuronal ovoid and refringent cell bodies with expanding neurites. The ultrastructural organization of these evolving cells corresponded to that of primitive or intermediate neuroblasts. The neuronal nature of these rounding up cell bodies was indeed confirmed by the progressive expression of various neuronal cell markers (150 and 200-kDa neurofilament triplets, neuron specific enolase, and D2/N-CAM). Besides a constant lack of immunoreactivity for tyrosine hydroxylase, somatostatin, parvalbumin, and calbindin-D 28K and a lack of cytoenzymatic activity for carbonic anhydrase, all the newly produced neurons expressed three main phenotypic characteristics: a small cell body, a strong immunoreactivity to MAG, and substance P. Hence, ganglion cells newly differentiated in culture would meet characteristics ascribed to small B sensory neurons and more specifically to a subpopulation of ganglion cells containing substance P-immunoreactive material.
...
PMID:Differentiation of postmitotic neuroblasts into substance P-immunoreactive sensory neurons in dissociated cultures of chick dorsal root ganglion. 243 96

Four ecologically distinctive Neotropical bat species of the family Phyllostomidae were collected and their retinae surveyed immunohistochemically for the presence of neurotransmitter candidates: glucagon, somatostatin, vasoactive intestinal peptide, substance P (SP), methionine enkephalin, serotonin (5-HT) and two enzymes, glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) and tyrosine hydroxylase (TOH). In all four species immunoreactivity (IR) to GAD, TOH and SP was found. GAD-IR and SP-IR showed little interspecies variation whereas TOH-IR differed interspecifically in a pattern that matched the systematic relationships and the ecological characteristics of the bats. 5-HT-IR, which has not previously been reported from mammalian retinae, was found in fibers in the inner nuclear layer and in the outer and inner plexiform layers of Macrotus waterhousii, which is a relatively underived insectivorous phyllostomid bat, but was not found in the retinae from frugivorous or nectarivorous species.
...
PMID:Interspecific comparisons of immunohistochemical localization of retinal neurotransmitters in four species of bats. 244 11

The distributions of nerve cells and fibers with immunoreactivity for the peptides substance P, somatostatin, enkephalin, vasoactive intestinal peptide, gastrin-releasing peptide, and neuropeptide Y and the enzyme tyrosine hydroxylase were examined in 25 samples of human esophagus. These were compared with samples of stomach and intestine. In the smooth muscle of the muscularis externa, the muscularis mucosae, and beneath the epithelium, the most abundant nerve fibers contained vasoactive intestinal peptide and neuropeptide Y, in contrast to the scarcity of substance P, enkephalin, somatostatin, and gastrin-releasing peptide. Gastric and intestinal samples contained dense populations of fibers containing vasoactive intestinal peptide, neuropeptide Y, substance P, and enkephalin in the equivalent layers, but somatostatin- and gastrin-releasing peptide-immunoreactive fibers were scarce. Complete coexistence of vasoactive intestinal peptide and neuropeptide Y in nerve fibers within the muscle layers was demonstrated in the esophagus, but not in gastric and intestinal samples. The myenteric plexus along the length of the esophagus contained cell bodies and fibers reactive for vasoactive intestinal peptide, neuropeptide Y, enkephalin, and substance P. Somatostatin-immunoreactive cell bodies were very rare in the myenteric plexus, no gastrin-releasing peptide-immunoreactive cell bodies were seen, and both somatostatin and gastrin-releasing peptide-immunoreactive fibers were rare. In the upper esophagus, striated muscle bundles did not contain nerve fibers reactive for these peptides but immunoreactive fibers were seen in the muscularis mucosae and subepithelium. It is concluded that the esophagus has a different pattern of innervation by peptide-containing neurons than the stomach and intestines. Esophageal neurons can be classified into separate classes on the basis of their peptide content.
...
PMID:Distributions of neuropeptides in the human esophagus. 244 18

The developmental patterns of neurofilament triplet proteins, peptide and amine immunoreactivities were compared in motor (ventral spinal cord), sensory (dorsal spinal cord, dorsal root ganglia, epidermis), and autonomic (intermediolateral cell columns, dermis) regions in the rat and human. In the rat, neurofilament triplet proteins first appeared in motoneurones (embryonic day 13). In the youngest human fetuses studied (6 weeks), immunoreactivity was present throughout the spinal cord. Peptides and amines occurred later. Calcitonin gene-related peptide, galanin, somatostatin, neuropeptide Y and its C-flanking peptide (CPON) were the first to appear localized to motoneurones (embryonic days 15-17 rat; fetal weeks 6-14 human). Numbers of immunoreactive motoneurones decreased toward birth, but immunoreactive fibers increased in the ventral horn with enkephalin, thyrotrophin-releasing hormone, and the monoaminergic markers 5-hydroxytryptamine and tyrosine hydroxylase (all presumably of supraspinal origin) the last to appear perinatally. In the dorsal horn, particularly in the rat, a transient expression of substance P-, somatostatin-, and neuropeptide Y/CPON-immunoreactive cells was detected (embryonic days 15-17). A pronounced increase of calcitonin gene-related peptide-, galanin-, somatostatin- and substance P- immunoreactive fibers was found perinatally in both species. This coincided with an increased detection of cells in the dorsal root ganglia containing these peptides and the earliest appearance of calcitonin gene-related peptide-, somatostatin-, and substance P-immunoreactive fibers in the rat epidermis. Few antigens were localized to the intermediolateral cell columns before embryonic day 20 (rat), fetal week 20 (human), with thyrotrophin-releasing hormone-, 5-hydroxytryptamine-, tyrosine hydroxylase-, and vasoactive intestinal polypeptide-immunoreactive nerves appearing perinatally. In the rat dermis, tyrosine hydroxylase-immunoreactive fibers (sympathetic fibers) and fibers immunoreactive for neuropeptide Y/CPON and vasoactive intestinal polypeptide were detected from postnatal day 1. In conclusion, 1) peptide and amine immunoreactivity develops in motor before sensory or autonomic regions, 2) many peptide-containing cells are transient in fetal life, and 3) central terminals of dorsal root ganglion cells express peptides before terminals in the skin.
...
PMID:Ontogeny of peptide- and amine-containing neurones in motor, sensory, and autonomic regions of rat and human spinal cord, dorsal root ganglia, and rat skin. 244 34

The nerve fibers that supply the external muscle of the human gastrointestinal tract were examined for their immunoreactivity to the neuropeptides enkephalin, neuropeptide Y, somatostatin, substance P, and vasoactive intestinal peptide, for tyrosine hydroxylase (a catecholamine-synthesizing enzyme), and for coexistence between immunoreactivities in nerve fibers. Studies on coexistence revealed that the majority of reactive nerve fibers could be placed in one of two classes: (a) those fibers with reactivity to enkephalin or substance P, or both, and (b) fibers containing one or both of the peptides neuropeptide Y and vasoactive intestinal peptide. Many fibers immunoreactive for vasoactive intestinal peptide or neuropeptide Y, or both, were found throughout the external smooth muscle of the gastrointestinal tract, but neuropeptide Y-reactive fibers were less common in the small and large intestines than in the stomach and esophagus. Fibers immunoreactive for enkephalin or substance P, or both, were sparse in the esophagus, increased in numbers to reach maximal frequency in the pylorus, and maintained a similar frequency in the small and large intestines. Fibers with somatostatin or tyrosine hydroxylase immunoreactivity were rare. In general, sphincter regions were similar to nonsphincter regions in peptide-immunoreactive fiber numbers and types, except that the internal anal sphincter had no enkephalin-immunoreactive fibers and very few substance P-reactive fibers. Moderate numbers of fibers reactive for neuropeptide Y and vasoactive intestinal peptide were found in the internal anal sphincter. It is suggested that enkephalin and substance P are in excitatory fibers and that vasoactive intestinal peptide and neuropeptide Y are in fibers inhibitory to the external muscle.
...
PMID:Distribution and coexistence of peptides in nerve fibers of the external muscle of the human gastrointestinal tract. 245 91

Previous work has established that the central nervous system can modulate the immune response. Direct routes through which this regulation may occur are the sympathetic and sensory innervation of lymphoid organs. We investigated the innervation of canine mesenteric lymph nodes using immunohistochemistry and the expression of binding sites for sensory neuropeptides using quantitative receptor autoradiography. The sympathetic innervation of lymph nodes was examined by immunohistochemical methods using an antiserum directed against tyrosine hydroxylase (TOH), the rate limiting enzyme in catecholamine synthesis. TOH-containing fibers were associated with 90% of the blood vessels (arteries, veins, arterioles and venules) in the hilus, medullary and internodular regions of lymph nodes and in trabeculae with no obvious relationship to blood vessels. The sensory innervation of lymph nodes was investigated using antisera directed against the putative sensory neurotransmitters calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) and substance P (SP). CGRP- and SP-containing fibers were detected in the hilus, the medullary region, and the internodular region of lymph nodes usually in association with arterioles and venules. About 50% of the arterioles and venules exhibited a CGRP innervation and a smaller fraction (5-10%) were innervated by SP-containing fibers. Few if any TOH, CGRP, and SP nerve fibers were detected in the germinal centers of lymph nodes. Using quantitative receptor autoradiography we studied the distribution of receptor binding sites for the sensory neuropeptides CGRP, SP, substance K (SK), vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP), somatostatin (SOM), and bombesin. Specific CGRP binding sites were expressed throughout lymph nodes by trabeculae, arterioles, venules and 25% of the germinal centers. SP receptor binding sites were localized to arterioles and venules in the T cell regions and 25-30% of the germinal centers. VIP binding sites were localized to the internodular and T cell regions, to medullary cords, and to 10-20% of germinal centers. SK, SOM, and bombesin binding sites were not detected in the lymph nodes, although receptor binding sites for these peptides were detected with high specific/nonspecific binding ratios in other canine peripheral tissues. Taken together with previous results these findings suggest that the sympathetic and sensory innervation of mesenteric lymph nodes appears to be involved with the regulation of their blood and lymph flow. The neuropeptide receptor binding sites in lymph node germinal centers may be expressed by lymphocytes upon activation by antigens.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
...
PMID:The localization of sensory nerve fibers and receptor binding sites for sensory neuropeptides in canine mesenteric lymph nodes. 245 53

Tyrosine hydroxylase-like immunoreactive (TH-IR) neurons were observed from the embryonic day 17 (E17) to 6 weeks postnatally in two closely related nuclei of the limbic system, the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BNST) and the central nucleus of the amygdala (CNA) where they were restricted to circumscribed zones. These cells were scarce with an immature morphological aspect at E17. They progressively differentiated and increased in number until postnatal day 5 (P5), when their maximal density was reached. They were characterized as neurons by their ultrastructural appearance and the presence of both axo-somatic and axo-dendritic synaptic junctions. Moreover, TH-IR axons could be followed in the stria terminalis leaving the CNA, suggesting that part of TH-IR cells could be long projecting neurons rather than interneurons. A gradual decrease in the intensity of TH-IR and in density of labeled neurons was noted from P15 on, in both nuclei, (-50% at 4 weeks) until their total disappearance at 7 weeks. The significance of this TH-IR labeling regarding the catecholaminergic transmission remains unclear since these neurons did not contain the other catecholaminergic synthetic enzymes (DOPA-decarboxylase, dopamine-beta-hydroxylase, phenylethanolamine-N-methyl transferase) nor endogenous catecholamines. Double-labeling immunocytochemical methods, indicated that almost all the TH-IR neurons were colocalized with somatostatin 28 (SST) and with substance P (SP). Therefore these neurons expressed simultaneously 3 phenotypes, TH, SST and SP. This observation brings forth the notion of multiple neurotransmitter expression in transient neuronal populations and raises the question of neurotransmitter plasticity in the late postnatal development of the central nervous system (CNS). These neurons which were observed in two closely interconnected structures could be involved in early limbic circuits.
...
PMID:Transient tyrosine hydroxylase-like immunoreactive neurons contain somatostatin and substance P in the developing amygdala and bed nucleus of the stria terminalis of the rat. 245 12

Punch biopsies were obtained from the buccal gingiva of the lower third molars. Thin nerve fibres, immunoreactive for calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) or substance P (SP), with possible sensory function, were found in the propria often close to the epithelium, sometimes even penetrating into the basal layers. gamma-Melanocyte stimulating hormone (gamma-MSH)-like immunoreactivity was found in sparsely distributed single cells (except in one specimen containing a dense infiltration), resembling neutrophilic granulocytes of the propria. gamma-MSH was present in several single smooth axons and in thick axon bundles of the propria. Surrounding the blood vessels, neuropeptide Y (NPY), tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) and peptide histidine isoleucine amide (PHI) immunoreactive nerve fibres were observed. NPY and TH-positive fibres probably represent sympathetic nerve terminals and VIP/PHI-immunoreactive ones may have a parasympathetic function. Papillae of the propria contained VIP-positive fibres not obviously related to blood vessels. The distribution in papillae of PHI-like immunoreactivity was similar but the PHI-positive reaction was also present in a few cells of the propria, especially near blood vessels. Somatostatin (SOM)-positive reaction occurred in a few dendritic-type cells near or in the epithelium and single nerve fibres close to the epithelium. Several thick axon bundles of the propria contained neurofilament (NF)-immunoreactive material. Some thin NF-fibres were found in the papillae and some seemed to penetrate into the epithelium. No galanin, methionine-enkephalin, parathyroid hormone or proctolin immunoreactive material was found. The rather rich content of several neuropeptides in human attached gingiva, as well as other neurochemical markers, is probably associated with sensory and autonomic functions.
...
PMID:Immunohistochemical studies of the neurochemical markers, CGRP, enkephalin, galanin, gamma-MSH, NPY, PHI, proctolin, PTH, somatostatin, SP, VIP, tyrosine hydroxylase and neurofilament in nerves and cells of the human attached gingiva. 246 71

We have examined the distribution pattern and the density of various neuropeptide, neurotransmitter and enzyme containing neurons in the rat medial septum and the nucleus of the diagonal band of Broca to assess their possible involvement in the septohippocampal, septocortical and septobulbar pathways. Immunohistochemical methods were combined with the retrograde transport of a protein-gold complex injected in the hippocampus, the cingulate cortex or the olfactory bulb. Cholinergic neurons were the most numerous. Galanin-positive neurons were about two or three times less numerous than cholinergic cells. Both these cell types had a similar location though the choline acetyl transferase-like immunoreactive cells extended more caudally in the horizontal limb of the nucleus of the diagonal band of Broca. Immunoreactive cells for other neuroactive substances were few (calcitonin gene-related peptide, luteinizing hormone releasing hormone. [Met]enkephalin-arg-gly-leu) or occasional (dynorphin B, vasoactive intestinal polypeptide, somatostatin, neurotensin, cholecystokinin, neuropeptide Y and substance P). No immunoreactive cells for bombesin, alpha atrial natriuretic factor, corticotropin releasing factor, 5-hydroxytryptamine, melanocyte stimulating hormone, oxytocin, prolactin, tyrosine hydroxylase or arg-vasopressin were present. Choline acetyltransferase- and galanin-like immunoreactive cells densely participate to septal efferents. Cholinergic neurons constituted the bulk of septal efferent neurons. Galanin-positive cells were 22% of septohippocampal, 8% of septocortical, and 9% of septobulbar neurons. Galanin containing septohippocampal neurons were found in the medial septum and the nucleus of the diagonal band of Broca; galanin-positive septobulbar and septocortical cells were limited to the nucleus of the diagonal band of Broca. Occasional double-labellings were noticed with some peptides other than galanin. Luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone, calcitonin gene-related peptide and enkephalin were the most often observed; some other projecting cells stained for vasoactive intestinal polypeptide or dynorphin B. Luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone, calcitonin gene-related peptide and enkephalin were observed in septohippocampal neurons; luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone and vasoactive intestinal peptide were observed in septocortical neurons and calcitonin gene-related peptide, luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone and dynorphin B were observed in septo-bulbar cells. These results show that, in addition to acetylcholine, galanin is a major cellular neuroactive substance in septal projections to the hippocampus, the cingulate cortex and the olfactory bulb. The presence of septal projecting neurons immunoreactive for other peptides shows that a variety of distinct peptides may also participate, but in a smaller number, to septal efferent pathways.
...
PMID:Cholinergic and peptidergic projections from the medial septum and the nucleus of the diagonal band of Broca to dorsal hippocampus, cingulate cortex and olfactory bulb: a combined wheatgerm agglutinin-apohorseradish peroxidase-gold immunohistochemical study. 247 18

<< Previous 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Next >>