Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UNIPROT:P61278 (somatostatin)
 22,083 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) reared during the first year of life without social contact develop persistent stereotyped movements, self-directed behaviors, and psychosocial abnormalities, but neurobiological mechanisms underlying the behaviors of socially deprived (SD) monkeys are unknown. Monkeys were reared in total social deprivation for the first 9 months of life; control monkeys were reared socially (SR) with mothers and peers. Subjects were killed at 19-24 yr of age. Because the behaviors of SD monkeys are reminiscent of changes in striatal or amygdalar function, we used immunocytochemistry for substance P (SP), leucine-enkephalin (LENK), somatostatin, calbindin, and tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) to evaluate qualitatively and quantitatively patterns of neurotransmitter marker immunoreactivity within subcortical regions. In SD monkeys, the chemoarchitecture of the striatum was altered. Neuronal cell bodies and processes immunoreactive for SP and LENK were depleted markedly in patch (striosome) and matrix regions of the caudate nucleus and putamen; the average density of SP-immunoreactive neurons was reduced 58% relative to SR monkeys. Calbindin and TH immunoreactivities were diminished in the matrix of caudate and putamen of SD monkeys. TH-immunoreactive neurons, but not cresyl violet-stained neurons, in the substantia nigra pars compacta were decreased (43%) in SD monkeys. Peptide-immunoreactive terminals were reduced in the globus pallidus and substantia nigra in SD monkeys. The nucleus accumbens was the least affected of striatal regions. Striatal somatostatin immunoreactivity wa qualitatively and quantitatively similar in SD and SR monkeys. Several regions, for example, bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, amygdala, and basal forebrain magnocellular complex, that were in the same sections and are enriched in these markers did not appear altered in SD monkeys, suggesting a regional specificity for vulnerability. The altered chemoarchitecture of some basal ganglia regions in adult monkeys that experienced social deprivation as infants suggests that the postnatal maturation of neurotransmitter phenotypes in some structures is influenced by social environment. Abnormal motor and psychosocial behaviors resulting from this form of social/sensory deprivation may result from alterations in peptidergic and dopaminergic systems within the basal ganglia.
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PMID:Social deprivation of infant rhesus monkeys alters the chemoarchitecture of the brain: I. Subcortical regions. 168 26

In the rat, unilateral intrastriatal injection of monoclonal antibodies to acetylcholinesterase (AChE) produced ipsilateral disappearance of AChE-positive nerve terminals within striatum and adjacent cortex. No alterations in striatal staining patterns were observed for tyrosine hydroxylase, somatostatin, neuropeptide Y, substance P, or neurotensin. Ultrastructural studies demonstrated the presence of degenerating AChE-positive boutons ipsilaterally, while tyrosine hydroxylase positive terminals seemed unaffected. Apomorphine administration to rats which had received unilateral antibody injection resulted in ipsilateral rotational behavior. These data suggest that selective effects on cholinergic terminals with functional deficits can be produced within the central nervous system by intracerebral injection of AChE antibodies.
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PMID:Effect of intracerebral injection of monoclonal acetylcholinesterase antibodies on cholinergic nerve terminals in the rat central nervous system. 168 80

We have shown that the endogenous neuropeptides, growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH) and somatostatin (SRIF) influence expression of both cholinergic and catecholaminergic neuronal phenotypes in developing chick brain as assessed by the activities of choline acetyltransferase and tyrosine hydroxylase, respectively (Dev. Brain Res., 49 (1989) 275-280; Brain Research, 512 (1990) 297-303). In this study we examined the effects of GHRH and SRIF on GABAergic neuronal expression in ovo using activity of glutamate decarboxylase (GAD) as a neuronal marker. Chick embryos were administered GHRH or SRIF in ovo via the air sac on embryonic days 1, 3, 5 and 7, sacrificed at day 8 and the activity of GAD assayed in whole brain homogenates. GAD activity was significantly reduced in peptide-treated embryos as compared to controls. Similar results were obtained when GHRH was administered in a single dose at days 1 or 3 or when SRIF was administered in a single dose at day 3; GAD activity was significantly reduced as compared with control embryos. In contrast, embryos treated with either GHRH or SRIF on day 5 of development showed no difference in GAD activity as compared to controls. These data support our previous findings that endogenous neuropeptides such as GHRH and SRIF possess important properties with respect to neuronal phenotypic expression. They further define the critical period of sensitivity to these neuropeptides as 1-3 days of embryonic development.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Growth hormone-releasing hormone and somatostatin influence neuronal expression in developing chick brain. III. GABAergic neurons. 168 48

The co-expression of somatostatin (SOM)- and tyrosine hydroxylase (TH)-like immunoreactivities in nerve cells of the rat hypothalamus was investigated by the simultaneous application to the same sections of immuno-beta-galactosidase staining and the peroxidase-antiperoxidase (PAP) method. SOM-like immunoreactive cells stained blue with immuno-beta-galactosidase staining and TH-like immunoreactive cells stained brown with the PAP method. Double-labeled cells with overlapping blue and brown immunoreaction products were frequently identified in the preoptic periventricular nucleus (pope). These double-labeled cells were seen in clusters within the ventral half of the rostral pope. The periventricular hypothalamic nucleus at the level of the anterior hypothalamic nucleus contained only scattered nerve cells with both SOM- and TH-like immunoreactivities, despite the presence of many nerve cells immunoreactive for either SOM or TH in this nucleus. Double-labeled cells were also observed in some regions of the medial-basal hypothalamus, including the boundary between the ventromedial hypothalamic nucleus and the arcuate hypothalamic nucleus, and areas dorsal and lateral to the ventromedial hypothalamic nucleus. These findings may provide insight into the mechanisms underlying previously described catecholamine-mediated modulation of SOM release from the hypothalamus.
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PMID:Somatostatin co-localizes with tyrosine hydroxylase in the nerve cells of discrete hypothalamic regions in rats. 169 11

The distribution of neurotensin-containing fibers was examined in the frontal cortex of the monkey Macaca fuscata using the immunoperoxidase histochemical technique. An extremely dense network of neurotensin-containing fibers was observed in the medial prefrontal regions. The majority of cortical neurotensin fibers was observed in the anterior cingulate cortex (Walker's area 24) and adjacent medial prefrontal regions (areas 6 and 32). In area 24, the fiber density was similar to that in the nucleus accumbens. Immunoreactive fibers were particularly dense in two pyramidal layers (III, V). The medial prefrontal regions, areas 6 and 32, contained a moderate density of immunoreactive fibers. This regional distribution of neurotensin-containing fibers was not observed in other cortical fiber systems that contained substance P, somatostatin, or tyrosine hydroxylase. No neurotensin-containing cell bodies were observed in the frontal cortex. The present study demonstrates that the laminar and regional distributions of neurotensin-containing fibers are unique when compared to those of substance P- or somatostatin-containing fibers, and also distinct from that of catecholaminergic fibers. The distribution of telencephalic neurotensin fibers points to a relationship with limbic structures.
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PMID:Distribution of neurotensin-containing fibers in the frontal cortex of the macaque monkey. 169 32

Immunohistochemical methods were used to determine the localisation of immunoreactivities to a variety of antigens involved in neurotransmission in the myenteric plexus of the colon in the rat and mouse. The findings in the two species were closely similar. Five neuronal types have been identified. (i) The axons of extrinsic noradrenergic sympathetic neurons, immunoreactive for tyrosine hydroxylase, supply the ganglia and the circular muscle. (ii) Bombesin immunoreactive intrinsic neurons with unbeaded axons are largely confined to the ganglia and tracts of the plexus. These neurons probably contain gastrin-releasing peptide, which is the mammalian analogue of bombesin. (iii) Somatostatin immunoreactive intrinsic neurons have long, beaded axons within the myenteric plexus and also outside the plexus, between the longitudinal and circular muscle layers. (iv) Intrinsic neurons containing opioid peptides (beta-endorphin, met-enkephalin, leu-enkephalin), have beaded axons that cannot be traced for long distances. They contact all the cell bodies in the ganglia and extend also into the interganglionic tracts and the smooth muscle. (v) Substance P immunoreactive somata and axons are present throughout the myenteric plexus and provide dense innervation to the smooth muscle. Extrinsic substance P immunoreactive sensory axons are probably also present.
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PMID:An immunohistochemical study of the myenteric plexus of the colon in the rat and mouse. 170 22

The purpose of the present study was to determine whether neurochemicals normally found within neuron somata, fibers, and terminals of the hippocampal formation would also be present in transplanted hippocampal tissue that had developed in lesion cavities made in adult rat brains by aspiration of the hippocampus and overlying dorsolateral neocortex. Embryonic Day 15 or 16 rat brian tissue containing hippocampus with some medial pallial anlage was transplanted into the site of hippocampal aspiration lesions in adult male rats. One hundred ten to one hundred thirty-five days later the brains of these rats were sectioned and processed using the avidin-biotin-horseradish peroxidase immunocytochemical procedure to visualize choline acetyltransferase, met-enkephalin (MENK), neurotensin (NT), somatostatin, substance P, tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), or vasoactive intestinal polypeptide. Sections from two brains were stained using the thiocholine technique for visualization of acetylcholinesterase. All of these substances were found within cell bodies and/or fibers in the transplants. However, several abnormalities were noted. In addition to TH-immunoreactive fibers, TH-immunoreactive cell bodies were found in the transplants. Since TH is not expressed in mature hippocampal or cortical neurons this suggests that mechanisms for suppression of manufacture of this enzyme are lacking or inhibited in the transplants. Further, although all of the peptides were present either in fibers or in both cell bodies and fibers, the density of staining for NT and MENK was less than would be expected for normal hippocampus, and none of the cell bodies or fibers reacting for the peptides exhibited any apparent organization resembling that normally observed in hippocampus or cortex. However, some histological organization was present and the cholinergic markers were associated with this organization. These data suggest that some tropic and/or trophic factor such as nerve growth factor is present in the transplants to guide cholinergic innervation.
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PMID:Neurochemical anatomy of fetal hippocampus transplanted into large lesion cavities made in the adult rat brain. 170 34

The axonal transport blocker colchicine has been extensively used in immunohistochemical studies to induce accumulation of neuroactive compounds, especially neuropeptides, in neuronal somata and thus improve their visualization. To assess whether colchicine might, in addition, influence the synthesis of such compounds, we have now used in situ hybridization to examine the levels of mRNAs encoding for several neuropeptides (galanin [GAL], cholecystokinin [CCK], somatostatin [SOM], neuropeptide Y [NPY]) and neurotransmitter-synthesizing enzymes (choline acetyltransferase [ChAT], tyrosine hydroxylase [TH], amino acid decarboxylase [AADC], and glutamic acid decarboxylase [GAD]) after intraventricular administration of the drug. The results show that colchicine differentially modifies the levels of several mRNA species in different brain areas. Thus GAL mRNA levels increase in virtually all regions examined, including the basal forebrain, hypothalamus, dorsal raphe nucleus, locus coeruleus, and nucleus tractus solitarii. In addition, after colchicine treatment, GAL mRNA appears to be induced in the ipsilateral hemisphere in regions such as the cortex, hippocampus, striatum, lateral septum, and some nuclei of the thalamus as well as within white matter, where it cannot be detected in control animals. Although GAL mRNA in the vast majority of cases is neuronal, some findings indicate a possible glial localization. In parallel, colchicine depletes ChAT mRNA and increases GAD mRNA in the basal forebrain and striatum and decreases AADC mRNA in the dorsal raphe nucleus and locus coeruleus. In the latter nucleus, NPY and TH mRNA levels are increased by colchicine. In contrast, TH mRNA and also CCK mRNA levels decrease in the substantia nigra. In the cortex, hippocampus, and thalamus ipsilateral to colchicine injection CCK mRNA levels are markedly decreased, whereas SOM mRNA is decreased and NPY mRNA increased in the hippocampus but unchanged in the cortex. The results are discussed with reference to the possible artifacts that the use of colchicine might induce in immunohistochemical mapping studies and in relation to possible neurotoxic actions of colchicine, in some cases perhaps related to impaired retrograde transport of growth factor(s).
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PMID:Differential effects of intracerebroventricular colchicine administration on the expression of mRNAs for neuropeptides and neurotransmitter enzymes, with special emphasis on galanin: an in situ hybridization study. 170 58

The arrangement of the enteric nerve plexuses in the colon of the guinea-pig and the distributions and projections of chemically specified neurons in this organ have been studied. Immunoreactivity for neuron specific enolase was used to examine the total population of neurons and individual subpopulations were studied using antibodies raised against calbindin, calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), leu-enkephalin, gastrin releasing peptide (GRP), galanin, gamma aminobutyric acid, neurokinin A, neuropeptide Y (NPY), somatostatin, substance P, tyrosine hydroxylase and vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP). Neuronal pathways within the colon were lesioned using myotomy and myectomy operations and extrinsic pathways running between the inferior mesenteric ganglia and the colon were also severed. Each of the antibodies revealed nerve cells and nerve fibres or only nerve fibres within the wall of the colon. VIP, galanin and GRP were in anally projecting pathways in the myenteric plexus, as they are in other species. In contrast, there are differences in the projection directions of enkephalin, substance P, NPY and somatostatin nerve fibres between regions and species. Surprisingly, somatostatin and NPY fibres have opposite projections in the small intestine and colon of the guinea-pig. The majority of nerve fibres that innervate the circular muscle, including fibres with immunoreactivity for VIP, enkephalin, substance P, NPY, galanin and GRP come from the myenteric ganglia. The mucosa is innervated by fibres from both the myenteric and submucous ganglia. The present results suggest that the guinea-pig distal colon is a suitable place in which to determine relations between structure, neurochemistry and functions of enteric neural circuits.
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PMID:Projections of chemically-specified neurons in the guinea-pig colon. 170 5

The ultimobranchial gland is an endocrine organ consisting of C cell groups. In chickens, the glands are richly supplied by nerve fibers immunoreactive for neurofilaments. It was found by immunocytochemical staining that C cells of chick ultimobranchial glands showed immunoreactivities for multiple kinds of neuropeptides and neuroendocrine proteins in addition to calcitonin, i.e., calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), somatostatin, neurotensin, chromogranin A, and tyrosine hydroxylase. Furthermore, enkephalin-immunoreactive cells that showed long cytoplasmic processes and large cell bodies, being distinct from the C cell feature, were detected. The densities of these cells per unit area of ultimobranchial gland were assessed using computer-assisted image analysis system; calcitonin cells were 42.9 +/- 10.0%; CGRP cells 26.9 +/- 5.6%; neurotensin cells 8.6 +/- 6.9%; somatostatin cells 3.1 +/- 1.4%; chromogranin A cells 11.8 +/- 1.8%; tyrosine hydroxylase cells 10.0 +/- 5.2%; enkephalin cells 2.9 +/- 1.3%. Dense distributions of peptidergic nerve fibers were also detected in chick ultimobranchial glands. Numerous varicose fibers immunoreactive for substance P were distributed in the close vicinity to C cell clusters and blood vessels. Enkephalin-immunoreactive fibers were also prominent around C cell clusters. Galanin-, vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP)-, and tyrosine hydroxylase-immunoreactive fibers were distributed around blood vessels only. Subsequently, the ontogeny of these neuropeptides, neuroendocrine proteins, and peptidergic innervations was examined in chickens at various developmental stages. In 10-day-old embryos, weak to moderately intense immunoreactivity for calcitonin was already present in almost all C cells. Immunoreactivities for somatostatin, CGRP, and tyrosine hydroxylase began to appear at this age. At 12 days of incubation, substance P-immunoreactive fibers were first detected in the parenchyma of ultimobranchial glands. Considerable numbers of enkephalin-immunoreactive fibers and cells were also observed. At 14 days of incubation, the largest populations of somatostatin- and enkephalin-immunoreactive cells were attained; the densities of somatostatin- and enkephalin-immunoreactive cells per unit area were 21.2 +/- 3.2% and 12.9 +/- 3.1%, respectively. Substance P-immunoreactive fibers became numerous throughout the gland at this age. Thereafter, calcitonin-, CGRP-, tyrosine hydroxylase-immunoreactive cells progressively increased in number with embryonic age, whereas somatostatin- and enkephalin-immunoreactive cells started to decrease. Chromogranin A- and neurotensin-immunoreactive cells began to appear at 16 days and 18 days of incubation, respectively. Galanin-, VIP-, and tyrosine hydroxylase-immunoreactive fibers were inconspicuous during embryonic life.
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PMID:Immunocytochemical localization and development of multiple kinds of neuropeptides and neuroendocrine proteins in the chick ultimobranchial gland. 170 88


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