Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UNIPROT:P61278 (somatostatin)
 22,083 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

By means of immunohistochemistry and radioimmunoassay (RIA), we have investigated the possible occurrence of somatostatin (SOM)-like immunoreactivity (-LI) in the autonomic innervation of the pig nasal mucosa. SOM-immunoreactive (-IR) fibres were present around nasal arteries, arterioles and venous sinusoids. Double-labelling experiments revealed that SOM-LI was co-localized with the noradrenaline (NA) markers tyrosine hydroxylase and dopamine-beta-hydroxylase as well as with neuropeptide Y (NPY) in a subpopulation of neurons in the superior cervical sympathetic ganglion and in perivascular nerve terminals. Furthermore, SOM-LI was also present in perivascular fibres containing vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) and NPY of presumably parasympathetic origin. The parasympathetic fibres that were associated with glands contained peptide histidine isoleucine (PHI), VIP and NPY but not SOM, suggesting that in the nasal mucosa SOM-IR is restricted to perivascular nerves. As revealed by RIA, the content of SOM-LI in biopsies of both nasal mucosa and superior cervical sympathetic ganglion was about 12 pmol/g and the reverse phase HPLC characterisation of SOM-LI shown two separate peaks for SOM-28 and SOM-14. In thiopentone anaesthetized pigs (n = 10), local intra-arterial (i.a.) infusion of SOM (1-14) induced dose-dependent, long lasting and parallel reduction of the nasal arterial blood flow, the volume of the nasal mucosa (reflecting capacitance vessel function) and decrease of the laser Doppler flowmeter signal (reflecting superficial nasal mucosal blood flow). These functional responses were not modified after pretreatment with the alpha-adrenoceptor antagonist phenoxybenzamine (1 mg kg-1 i.a.) whereas the effects of NA were almost abolished. SOM (6.10(-6) mol, i.a.) did not influence the nasal vascular responses to single impulse stimulation of the nasal sympathetic nerve supply providing no evidence for prejunctional activity in spite of clear-cut vascular effects. It is concluded that SOM-LI is co-localized with NA and NPY in sympathetic nerves and with VIP/NPY in parasympathetic perivascular nerves of the pig nasal mucosa. Since SOM evokes vasoconstriction via non-adrenergic mechanisms, this peptide should also be considered when discussing mediator candidates for the neural regulation of the nasal vascular bed.
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PMID:Vascular control of the pig nasal mucosa: distribution and effect of somatostatin in relation to noradrenaline and neuropeptide Y. 135 11

The central amygdaloid nucleus (ACe) is part of the amygdaloid body, and it has been shown to participate in several stress related reactions. The ACe is densely innervated by tyrosine hydroxylase- (TH), corticotropin releasing factor- (CRF), calcitonin gene-related peptide- (CGRP), neurotensin- (NT), somatostatin- (SOM), enkephalin- (ENK), substance P- (SP), vasoactive intestinal polypeptide- (VIP) and cholecystokinin- (CCK) immunoreactive (IR) nerve terminals. In addition, the ACe contains numerous CRF-, NT-, SOM-, ENK- and SP-IR perikarya. In previous studies it has been shown that stress stimulates the expression of the immediate early gene c-fos in the ACe. The aim of this study was to demonstrate the colocalization of the Fos-IR neurons with the peptide- and TH-IR structures using an immunocytochemical double staining technique. In intact animals the ACe contained only a few Fos-IR neurons. After immobilization stress about 100 Fos-IR neurons were seen per section. They were mainly located in the area, which was enriched by peptide- and TH-IR nerve terminals. The close contacts observed between the Fos-IR neurons and the peptide- and TH-IR nerve endings suggest that the Fos-IR neurons were innervated by these nerve terminals. Furthermore, several NT-, ENK-, SOM- and CRF-IR neurons were observed and the vast majority of these cells exhibited Fos-like immunoreactivity. These results suggest that stress enhances the synaptic activity of the ACe, which stimulates the expression of c-fos. Subsequently, Fos may regulate the expression of the NT, ENK, SOM and CRF genes and thus affect the peptidergic efferents from the ACe.
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PMID:Colocalization of peptide- and tyrosine hydroxylase-like immunoreactivities with Fos-immunoreactive neurons in rat central amygdaloid nucleus after immobilization stress. 136 16

The rostral ventrolateral medulla (RVLM) contains sympathoexcitatory neurons that exert a powerful control over the sympathetic outflow to the cardiovascular system. In the cat there is a concentration of such neurons (but not neurons subserving other functions) within a narrow longitudinal column in the RVLM termed the subretrofacial (SRF) nucleus. Furthermore, it has been suggested that there are subgroups of cells, located at different rostrocaudal levels of the SRF nucleus, that preferentially or exclusively control different vascular beds (e.g. in the kidney and hindlimb). The aim of this study was to map quantitatively the rostrocaudal distribution within the nucleus of different cell types, defined according to morphological and/or chemical criteria, and to correlate this with the regional vasomotor effects (in hindlimb and kidney) evoked by stimulation of SRF cells at the corresponding rostrocaudal levels. SRF cells were highly heterogeneous with respect to both their morphology and chemical properties. They varied greatly in size (equivalent diameter ranging from 10-40 microns) as well as in shape and orientation. An immunohistochemical examination using the avidin-biotin procedure revealed that many SRF cells (estimated 57% of all SRF cells) were immunoreactive for tyrosine hydroxylase (TH, a marker of catecholamine cells). In addition, there were SRF cells immunoreactive for neuropeptide Y (NPY, 11% of total), enkephalin (ENK, 16% of total), and serotonin (5HT, 10% of total), but not for substance P, galanin or somatostatin. Different cell types, defined according to their morphology and/or chemical properties, were unevenly distributed throughout the nucleus. In the most caudal part of the SRF nucleus, virtually all cells were TH-positive, and the large majority (estimated 80%) were NPY-positive, suggesting that many cells at this level contained both TH and NPY. In contrast, in the most rostral part of the SRF nucleus, only 30% of cells were TH-positive, and no NPY-positive cells were observed. Both 5HT- and ENK-positive cells were found throughout the rostrocaudal extent of the nucleus, but predominantly within its rostral part. Furthermore, TH-positive cells in the rostral SRF nucleus were on average significantly larger (mean equivalent diameter 18-43% greater) than TH/NPY-positive cells in the caudal part of the nucleus, but smaller than 5HT- or ENK-positive cells at the same level. Overall, rostral cells (regardless of their chemical type) were larger than caudal cells within the SRF nucleus (mean equivalent diameter 13-28% greater).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
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PMID:Rostrocaudal differences in morphology and neurotransmitter content of cells in the subretrofacial vasomotor nucleus. 137 28

The present work was undertaken to determine by immunocytochemical methods which of the putative enteric neurotransmitters are contained in axons supplying the guinea-pig taenia coli and what proportion of axons is accounted for by the presence of these substances. Numerous fibres displayed immunoreactivity for dynorphin (DYN), enkephalin (ENK), gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), nitric oxide synthase (NOS), substance P (SP) and vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP), but, in contrast to other gut regions, fibres showing immunoreactivity for gastrin-releasing peptide, galanin and neuropeptide Y were rare in the taenia. Fibres reactive for calbindin, calcitonin gene-related peptide, cholecystokinin, 5-hydroxytryptamine and somatostatin were also rare. Tyrosine hydroxylase-like immunoreactivity (TH-LI) was present in numerous fibres that disappeared after extrinsic denervation, a procedure that did not detectably affect any of the other major groups of fibres. Simultaneous staining of extrinsically denervated preparations revealed that SP-LI and VIP-LI were located in separate fibres, and ultrastructural studies showed these to be 58% and 33% of intrinsic fibres supplying the muscle. Immunoreactivity for the general marker, neuron-specific enolase, was located in 95-98% of axons. ENK-LI and DYN-LI were in the same axons, and similar proportions of the fibres with either SP-LI or VIP-LI, about 85%, contained immunoreactivity for ENK and DYN. All VIP-LI fibres, but no SP-LI fibres, were reactive for NOS. The results imply that the taenia of the guinea-pig caecum is innervated by two major groups of enteric neurons: (i) excitatory neurons that contain ACh, SP, other tachykinins, and, in most cases, DYN-LI and ENK-LI; and (ii) inhibitory neurons that contain NOS-LI, VIP-LI, in most cases, the two opioids and, quite probably, ATP as a transmitter. GABA-LI is contained in a smaller population of intrinsic axons. Even though the taenia represents one of the simplest tissues for examining transmission from enteric neurons to intestinal muscle, it shares some of the complexity of other regions, in that four major axon types supply the muscle and both the enteric excitatory and enteric inhibitory neurons contain multiple transmitters.
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PMID:Light- and electron-microscopic immunochemical analysis of nerve fibre types innervating the taenia of the guinea-pig caecum. 138 81

The aim of this study was to produce an antibody reactive to the surface of endocrine pancreatic cells and use this antibody for the purification of endocrine cells from the human fetal pancreas by fluorescence activated cell sorting. We describe such an antibody, called N1, reacting with the surface and cytoplasm of endocrine cells in the adult and fetal human pancreas (12 to 18 weeks gestational age). While unreactive to exocrine and mesenchymal cells, it was not specific for endocrine cells, as evidenced by its staining pattern in tissues other than pancreas. Almost 40% of the N1-positive pancreatic cells contained either insulin, glucagon or somatostatin. Conversely, more than 90% of each of the hormone-containing cells was N1 positive. An additional 40% of N1-positive cells, not containing other pancreatic hormones, was shown to contain islet amyloid polypeptide, synaptophysin, chromogranin, tyrosine hydroxylase or CA812. A two-step collagenase digestion protocol yielded 1.29 +/- 0.17 x 10(5) cells per mg pancreatic tissue. After Percoll gradient centrifugation, the suspension contained 15.6 +/- 5.7% (n = 25, mean +/- SD) cells reactive with N1. By fluorescence activated cell sorting using the antibody N1, the single-cell suspension was enriched from 3.0 +/- 1.4% to 16.2 +/- 4.8% (n = 10, p less than 0.01) Beta cells. Alpha and Delta cells were also enriched significantly by this procedure. The percentage of N1-positive cells increased from 17 +/- 4% to 83 +/- 6%. This preparation enriched for endocrine cells allows future studies on possible endocrine precursor cells.
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PMID:Enrichment of beta cells from the human fetal pancreas by fluorescence activated cell sorting with a new monoclonal antibody. 152 25

Control of growth hormone (GH) and prolactin (PRL) release was investigated in hypophysial stalk-transected (HST) and stalk-intact pigs by determining the effects of analogs of GH-releasing factors (GHRF), somatostatin (SRIF), arginine, thyrotropin-releasing hormone, alpha-methyl-rho-tyrosine, and haloperidol. HST and control gilts were challenged with intravenous injections of human pancreatic GHRF(1-40)OH, thyrotropin-releasing hormone, and analogs of rat hypothalamic GHRF. HST animals remained acutely responsive to GHRF by releasing 2-fold greater quantities of GH than seen in controls. This occurred in spite of a 38% reduction in pituitary gland weight and a 32 and 55% decrease in GH concentration and total content. During SRIF infusion, GH remained at similar basal concentrations in HST and control gilts, but increased immediately after stopping SRIF infusion only in the controls. Releasable pituitary GH appears to accumulate during SRIF infusion. GHRF given during SRIF infusion caused a 2-fold greater release of GH than seen in animals receiving only GHRF. Arginine increased (P less than 0.05) GH release in controls, but not in HST gilts, which suggests that it acts through the central nervous system. Basal PRL concentrations were greater (P less than 0.05) in HST gilts than in control gilts. TRH acutely elevated circulating PRL (P less than 0.001) in HST gilts, suggesting that it acts directly on the pituitary gland. Haloperidol, a dopamine receptor antagonist, increased circulating PRL in controls but not in HST animals. alpha-Methyl-rho-tyrosine did not consistently increase circulating PRL, however, suggesting that it did not sufficiently alter turnover rate of the tyrosine hydroxylase pool. The results indicate that the isolated pituitary after HST remains acutely responsive to hypothalamic releasing and inhibiting factors for both GH and PRL release in the pig.
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PMID:Growth hormone and prolactin secretion in hypophysial stalk-transected pigs as affected by growth hormone and prolactin-releasing and inhibiting factors. 167 Dec 98

With the aim of investigating some factors and mechanisms of the chicken brain development, the same thick sections of brain stems from twelve E13-to-E21-aged chick embryos were sequentially tested with a rabbit anti-Somatostatin antiserum, using a PAP-DAB technique, and with anti-tyrosine hydroxylase (-TH) monoclonal antibodies, using an indirect immuno-fluorescence technique. As regards the pons and mesencephalon, the following main results were obtained. At E21 almost the same distribution of the TH-like immunoreactivity (ir) as at E13 was observed. Neuroblasts in a central, relatively wide region of mesencephalic tegmentum and in the central portion of the pons showed TH-like ir. A co-localization of the 2 immunoreactivities was detected only at E18, within some neuroblasts of the mesencephalic and pontine regions with TH-like ir. It is possible that this transitory co-localization plays a role in the development of the pons and mesencephalon of this species.
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PMID:Double-labelling data on somatostatin-like and tyrosine-hydroxylase-like immunoreactivities in chick embryo brain stem. I. Pons and mesencephalon. 168 Mar 50

The anterior major pelvic ganglion (AMPG) of the male guinea-pig has been found to consist of three principal components. The presence of a cholinergic component was determined by the demonstration of cytoplasmic and nerve fibre acetylcholinesterase activity. A noradrenergic component was demonstrated by immunoreactivity (IR) of the catecholamine-synthesising enzymes tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) and dopamine-beta-hydroxylase (DBH) in neuronal perikarya. The AMPG also had a peptidergic component which may or may not sub-classify the cholinergic and noradrenergic components. Neuropeptide Y (NPY)-, vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP)-, and atrial natriuretic factor (ANF)-immunoreactivities were seen in neuronal perikarya, nerve fibres and nerve terminals/varicosities, while somatostatin (SOM)-IR was restricted to neuronal perikarya. Substance P (SP)-IR was present in a dense network of varicose nerve fibres. However, on a rare occasion SP-IR was observed in neuronal perikarya. Enkephalin (ENK)-IR occurred in a sparsely distributed plexus of varicose nerve fibres. The analysis of adjacent serial sections demonstrated distinct patterns of neuropeptide coexistence in AMPG neurons. NPY-IR was colocalised to a subpopulation of TH-IR neuronal perikarya. NPY-IR was also colocalised with VIP-IR in non-TH-IR neuronal perikarya. VIP-IR occurred together with AChE in particular neuronal perikarya. The relationship between immunoreactive neuronal perikarya and immunoreactive nerve terminals was investigated. SP-IR nerve terminals were closely related to neuronal perikarya exhibiting VIP-, NPY-, or TH-IR. TH-IR neuronal perikarya were also abutted by ENK-IR nerve terminals. VIP- and NPY-immunoreactive neuronal perikarya were abutted by two nerve terminal types: one immunoreactive for VIP, the other for NPY. DBH-IR neuronal perikarya received AChE-positive varicosities while AChE-positive neurons were abutted by DBH-IR varicose nerve fibres. AChE-positive varicosities were also closely related to neuronal perikarya possessing VIP-IR and AChE activity.
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PMID:Specific patterns of immunoreactivity in neuronal elements of the anterior major pelvic ganglion of the male guinea-pig. 168 Aug 42

Patterns of immunoreactivity for calcium-binding protein, tyrosine hydroxylase and four neuropeptides in the ventral striatum (nucleus accumbens, olfactory tubercle and ventromedial parts of the caudate nucleus and putamen) were compared to patterns of these markers in the dorsal striatum (the majority of the neostriatum) in rhesus monkey. The striatal mosaic was delineated by calcium-binding protein and tyrosine hydroxylase immunoreactivities. Both markers were found preferentially in the matrix of the dorsal striatum. The mosaic configurations of tyrosine hydroxylase, but not calcium-binding protein immunoreactivity, were similar in dorsal and ventral striatal regions. Substance P and leucine-enkephalin were not distributed homogeneously; distinct types and the prevalence of patches of substance P and leucine-enkephalin immunoreactivity distinguish the dorsal striatum from the ventral striatum and distinguish the caudate nucleus from the putamen. In the dorsal striatum, substance P and leucine-enkephalin patches consist of dense islands of immunoreactive neurons and puncta or clusters of immunoreactive neurons marginated by a dense rim of terminal-like puncta; the matrix was also enriched in leucine-enkephalin-immunoreactive neurons but contained less substance P-immunoreactive neurons. Patches were more prominent in the caudate nucleus than in the putamen. In the caudate, compartments low in tyrosine hydroxylase and calcium-binding protein immunoreactivities corresponded to cytologically identified cell islands and to patches enriched in substance P and leucine-enkephalin. These patches had a discrete infrastructure based on the location of substance P and leucine-enkephalin-immunoreactive neurons and terminals. In the ventral striatum, patches that showed low levels of substance P and leucine-enkephalin immunoreactivities were embedded in a matrix rich in immunoreactive cell bodies, fibers and terminals. In the accumbens, regions showing little tyrosine hydroxylase were in spatial register with patches low in substance P and leucine-enkephalin. Neurotensin- and somatostatin-immunoreactive neurons or processes were also compartmentally organized, particularly in the ventral striatum. Neurotensin-immunoreactive neurons were present predominantly in the nucleus accumbens but not in the dorsal striatum. Some regions enriched in neurotensin immunoreactivity were spatially registered with zones low in tyrosine hydroxylase, substance P and zones enriched in leucine-enkephalin. Areas enriched in somatostatin-immunoreactive processes overlapped with both tyrosine hydroxylase-rich and -poor regions in the ventral striatum. Our results show that the chemoarchitectonic topography of the striatal mosaic is different in the dorsal and ventral striatum of rhesus monkey and that the compartmental organization of some neurotransmitters/neuropeptides in the ventral striatum is variable and not as easily divisible into conventional patch and matrix regions as in the dorsal striatum.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
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PMID:The striatal mosaic in primates: patterns of neuropeptide immunoreactivity differentiate the ventral striatum from the dorsal striatum. 168 64

Retrograde fiber tracing and in situ hybridization were used to determine expression of mRNAs for preprotachykinin A (ppTA), calcitonin gene related peptide (CGRP), preproenkephalin A (ENK), neuropeptide tyrosine (NPY) and somatostatin (SOM) as well as tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) in the petrosal ganglia primary sensory neurons which innervate carotid sinus baroreceptors and carotid body chemoreceptors. Perfusion of the carotid sinus with the retrogradely transported dye (Fluoro-Gold) labeled primary sensory neurons in petrosal ganglion. Numerous somata in the petrosal ganglion labeled with dye contained mRNAs for all the above peptides, except SOM. Moreover, TH mRNA was found in a substantial number of retrogradely labeled cells in the petrosal ganglion. This study provides information concerning which of the numerous peptides identified in sensory neurons of petrosal ganglion may be involved in modulation of the arterial baroreceptor and chemoreceptor reflexes.
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PMID:Expression of messenger RNAs for peptides and tyrosine hydroxylase in primary sensory neurons that innervate arterial baroreceptors and chemoreceptors. 168 84


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