Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UNIPROT:P61278 (somatostatin)
 22,083 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The present study describes the effect of the instillation of a nutrient-containing hyperosmolar volume load into the lower ileum upon plasma levels of somatostatin-like immunoreactivity. The baseline levels of SLI in the mesenteric vein were significantly higher than those in the inferior vena cava and rose significantly in both veins in response to the nutrient load. SLI levels in the venous effluent of the pancreas and stomach did not rise. Mesenteric vein SLI was similar in molecular size to the SLI in the gastric and pancreatic veins and to synthetic somatostatin. The results suggest that the lower gut may contribute to the basal circulating SLI levels and that it is released from the lower gut in response to a nutrient-containing hyperosmolar volume load.
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PMID:Release of somatostatin-like immunoreactivity from the lower gut. 46 26

Several studies have shown anatomical and functional interconnections between catecholaminergic and somatostatinergic systems. To assess whether somatostatin (SS) may act presynaptically on catecholamine neurons, SS receptors were measured using radioligand test-tube binding assays on synaptosomes from hippocampus and frontoparietal cortex--areas that are innervated by catecholaminergic neurons with different densities and that have a high number of SS receptors--from control and 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA)-treated rats. Intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.) injection of the catecholamine neurotoxin 6-OHDA (0.78 mg free base/kg of body weight in saline with 0.1% ascorbic acid) lowered hippocampal and frontoparietal cortical noradrenaline (NA) and dopamine (DA) levels at 1 week following the injection. Pretreatment of rats with desmethylimipramine (DMI) (40 mg/kg, intraperitoneal) prevented the drop in NA levels, but was not effective in attenuating DA depletion in the two brain areas studied. Treatment with 6-OHDA lowered the number of 125I-Tyr11-SS receptors in the hippocampus (130 +/- 19 vs. 266 +/- 16 fmol/mg protein, P < 0.001), whereas in the frontoparietal cortex a non significant 20% reduction in receptor number was found. The dissociation constants of 125I-Tyr11-SS binding to synaptosomes from frontoparietal cortex (0.65 +/- 0.06 vs. 0.60 +/- 0.04, P not significant) and hippocampus (0.44 +/- 0.04 vs. 0.63 +/- 0.14, P not significant) were similar in control and treated groups. Pretreatment with DMI reversed up to 80% of the effect of 6-OHDA on hippocampus SS receptors. DMI alone had no observable effect on the number and affinity of SS receptors. The 6-OHDA and the DMI treatment did not affect SLI levels in the brain areas studied. These results suggest that a portion of the hippocampal SS receptors may be localized presynaptically on the noradrenergic and dopaminergic nerve terminals.
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PMID:Desmethylimipramine pretreatment prevents 6-hydroxydopamine induced somatostatin receptor reduction in the rat hippocampus. 143 90

Primiparous female Wistar rats were injected subcutaneously with single daily doses of 40 mg of cocaine hydrochloride/kg from day 7 to 19 of gestation, from day 7 of gestation to day 15 postpartum or from parturation to day 15 postpartum. At birth, some of the offspring were fostered to control mothers to limit the effect of cocaine to the prenatal period and some were left with their mothers with the aim of studying prenatal plus postnatal exposure to cocaine. Prenatal and/or postnatal cocaine exposure did not affect the content of somatostatin (SS)-like immunoreactivity (SLI) in the striatum of the offspring as compared with the control groups on day 15 in all experimental groups. Prenatal and prenatal-plus-postnatal exposure to cocaine increased the total number of binding sites for 125I-Tyr11-SS in the rat striatum at 15 days of age. Prenatal exposure to cocaine also decreased the apparent affinity of the receptors. Postnatal exposure to cocaine alone had no such post-treatment effect on 125I-Tyr11-SS binding. These results suggest that the development of SS receptors in the rat striatum can be altered by prenatal exposure to cocaine.
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PMID:Changes in striatal somatostatin receptors in pups after cocaine administration to pregnant and nursing dams. 166 78

The objective of the study was to record how somatostatin levels in plasma are altered in response to breast-feeding during the lactation period and to relate somatostatin levels to the success of the lactational performance and to smoking habits. Fifty-two women were investigated 4 days post partum and 3-4 months later. Blood samples were collected and the levels of somatostatin-like immunoreactivity (below referred to as SLI) were measured with radioimmunoassay. The periods of exclusive breast-feeding and of mixed feeding were assessed as well as the milk yield. Smoking habits were noted. SLI levels were found to be significantly lower on day 4 after delivery, compared to 3-4 months later. Also the type of response to breast-feeding was different. Thus, a significant fall of SLI was seen during breast-feeding at the maternity unit, but not 3-4 months later. Smoking women breast-fed fully for a significantly shorter time than nonsmokers and had significantly higher SLI levels at onset of breast-feeding day 4 post partum. Whether the high somatostatin levels recorded in connection with breast-feeding in smokers are related to the shorter period of breast-feeding seen in this group remains to be established. In addition, the highest levels of somatostatin were seen the day after the very last breast-feeding and a possible role for somatostatin in the weaning process should be explored.
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PMID:Somatostatin levels in plasma in nonsmoking and smoking breast-feeding women. 167 85

We have investigated neurotransmitter-related markers of the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) in a carefully screened series of normally aging subjects in standardized conditions in order to find out the influence of age and other confounding factors on CSF measures. The levels of 3-methoxy-4-hydroxyglycol (MHPG) and the activity of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) also increased with age, while homovanillic acid (HVA), 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5 HIAA) and immunoreactivities of somatostatin (SLI), beta-endorphin (BLI) and adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) were unrelated to age. The gender of subjects had no significant effect on the levels of neurotransmitter markers, while seasonal changes, as well as height and weight of the subjects seemed to cause some variations in the levels of HVA, dopamine-beta-hydroxylase (DBH) and ACTH. The study underscores the importance of standardized conditions and matched patient groups in the CSF studies.
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PMID:Neurotransmitter markers in the cerebrospinal fluid of normal subjects. Effects of aging and other confounding factors. 167 57

We studied the effect of tetrahydroaminoacridine (THA) on cerebrospinal fluid somatostatin-like immunoreactivity (CSF-SLI) in probable Alzheimer disease (AD) patients (n = 20) who took part in an open THA treatment trial. The maintenance dose (100 mg/day) was continued for 4 weeks. Samples of CSF were obtained before treatment and at the end of the treatment period. The CSF-SLI increased significantly (P = 0.01) in the responders for the treatment (increase of the Mini-Mental State Examination score greater than or equal to 3; n = 11), while the non-responders (n = 9) showed a significant decrease of CSF-SLI (P = 0.003). The change of CSF-SLI had also a significant correlation (P = 0.001) with neuropsychological performance. We conclude that the effects of of THA on the CSF-SLI may be due to presynaptic cholinergic or direct somatostatinergic stimulation.
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PMID:Somatostatin and cognitive functions in Alzheimer's disease--the relationship of cerebrospinal fluid somatostatin increase with clinical response to tetrahydroaminoacridine. 168 33

Substance P-like and somatostatin-like immunoreactivities (SPLI and SLI) were determined in ventricular fluid of patients with chronic pain syndromes and in a comparison group with multiple sclerosis, essential tremor, epilepsy and postanoxic myoclonus. Concentrations of SPLI and SLI were non-significantly decreased by 40% and 33% in chronic pain patients as compared with control patients without pain. There were no differences apparent between subgroups of pain patients (deafferentation pain, neoplasia-induced pain, thalamic pain). High pressure liquid chromatography combined with radioimmunoassay showed marked heterogeneity of SPLI and SLI.
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PMID:Substance P-like immunoreactivity and somatostatin-like immunoreactivity in the ventricular fluid of patients with chronic pain syndromes. 183 80

This study was undertaken to determine the origin and forms of immunoreactive somatostatin (SLI) present in the pancreatic juice of cannulated nonanesthetized rats. The systemic origin of somatostatin (SS) was assessed from bolus intravenous injections of either I125-Tyr1-SS-14 or synthetic SS-14 under basal and stimulated pancreatic juice secretion, and from measurements of radioactivity and SS-14 in the collected juice. Gel filtration of pooled juice samples indicated that there were no forms of SS corresponding to standards of I125-Tyr1-SS-14 or SS-14, but radioactive material eluted in the area of either I125-Tyr or free iodine. Investigation of the presence of SS-14 in the juice by radioimmunoassay (RIA) led to the identification of a 23-kDa SS-like immunoreactive protein that did not correspond to any of the three known forms of SS present in the pancreatic tissue (Pro-SS, SS-28, and SS-14). By boiling the juice before the RIA, this 23-kDa protein was no longer detectable by RIA. These data suggest that this protein may be a "putative" enzyme, degrading the SS tracer in the RIA. This possibility is supported by the observation that boiled juice lost this capacity of interfering with the RIA. In conclusion, SS in the pancreatic juice, if present, is not from systemic origin and the juice contains an active thermosensitive substance degrading the SS tracer in the RIA.
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PMID:Origin and characterization of immunoreactive somatostatin in rat pure pancreatic juice. 196 58

The plasma levels of somatostatin-like immunoreactivity, growth hormone and insulin were measured using a RIA method in healthy volunteers every 4h during the day and every 2h at night, without waking the subjects. In the waking state the fluctuation of plasma somatostatin-like immunoreactivity level only occurred near to meal time. A marked episodic surge of plasma SLI (peak value, 127.25 +/- 4.40 pg/ml (mean +/- ES)) was noted at 0200 in the initial period of slow wave sleep (SWS) 2h after the peak of GH. Insulin showed no sharp peak and its pattern was unrelated to other two hormones studied. A positive correlation was observed between SLI and GH in plasma using the mean cosinor method: the acrophase of SLI was at 0018 about 1h later than GH (at 2315). The acrophase of insulin occurred at 1525, significantly different as compared with the previous two. From these findings, it is concluded that SLI in peripheral plasma fluctuates with a significant circadian rhythm and a nychthemeral maxima as GH and that, whatever its source, that it is related to plasma GH and not to plasma insulin.
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PMID:Circadian variations of plasma somatostatin levels in healthy subjects. 197 63

Cerebrospinal fluid somatostatin-like immunoreactivity (CSF SLI) was determined for elderly delirious patients during the acute stage and after one-year follow-up. The SLI levels were compared with age-equivalent controls. For the group as a whole, and also when the group was subdivided according to the severity of cognitive decline at the acute stage, type of delirium, or the central nervous system disease, delirious patients showed significant reduction of SLI as compared with the controls. In the follow-up, we observed a further reduction of CSF SLI together with significant correlations in the second and third samples between SLI levels and Mini-Mental State Examination score. Our results suggest a role for somatostatinergic dysfunction in the genesis of some symptoms of delirium. This dysfunction may be a common phenomenon in various forms of delirium and dementia.
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PMID:Cerebrospinal fluid somatostatin in delirium. II. Changes at the acute stage and at one year follow-up. 197 69


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