Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: UNIPROT:P61278 (somatostatin)
 22,083 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The ability of neuropeptides to modulate enteric smooth muscle proliferation was examined in primary explant cultures of rabbit gastric antrum and colon smooth muscle. Cell proliferation was determined by [3H]thymidine incorporation measurements and cell counting. Subcultured rabbit antrum and colon myocytes (passages 2-6) preserved a smooth muscle phenotype, as verified by immunohistochemistry for alpha-smooth muscle actin and electron microscopy. Both vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) and pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating peptide-(1-38) [PACAP-(1-38)] concentration dependently (10(-10) to 10(-6) M) inhibited the serum-induced [3H]thymidine incorporation [in colon, 48.2 +/- 5.8 and 55.6 +/- 9.3% of control with 10(-6) M VIP and 10(-7) M PACAP-(1-38)] and inhibited increase in cell numbers in cultures derived from the colon but not in those from the antrum. Effects of VIP and PACAP-(1-38) were mimicked by forskolin (10(-7) to 10(-6) M) but not by 8-bromo-cGMP, whereas theophylline enhanced the effects of VIP. Inhibition of nitric oxide synthase with NG-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (10(-3.5) M) did not alter the effects of VIP. Substance P, motilin, calcitonin gene-related peptide, and somatostatin had no effect. A single class of 125I-labeled VIP binding sites was found in antrum and colon myocyte cultures with an equal affinity for VIP and PACAP-(1-38) [dissociation constant (Kd) in antrum = 3.4 +/- 0.8 nM for VIP and 2.0 +/- 1.0 nM for PACAP-(1-38); Kd in colon = 2.0 +/- 1.0 nM for VIP and 2.8 +/- 1.6 nM for PACAP-(1-38)]. Density of binding sites in the antrum was higher than in the colon. In disease states such as inflammatory bowel disease, inhibition of myocyte proliferation by VIP and PACAP may serve to control smooth muscle hyperplasia in the colon but not in the antrum.
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PMID:Region-specific antiproliferative effect of VIP and PACAP-(1-38) on rabbit enteric smooth muscle. 988 8

Using a sensitive immunohistochemical technique, the localization of neuropeptide Y (NPY) Y1-receptor (Y1R)-like immunoreactivity (LI) was studied in various peripheral tissues of rat. Wild-type (WT) and Y1R-knockout (KO) mice were also analyzed. Y1R-LI was found in small arteries and arterioles in many tissues, with particularly high levels in the thyroid and parathyroid glands. In the thyroid gland, Y1R-LI was seen in blood vessel walls lacking alpha-smooth muscle actin, i.e., perhaps in endothelial cells of capillaries. Larger arteries lacked detectable Y1R-LI. A distinct Y1R-immunoreactive (IR) reticulum was seen in the WT mouse spleen, but not in Y1R-KO mouse or rat. In the gastrointestinal tract, Y1R-positive neurons were observed in the myenteric plexus, and a few enteroendocrine cells were Y1R-IR. Some cells in islets of Langerhans in the pancreas were Y1R-positive, and double immunostaining showed coexistence with somatostatin in D-cells. In the urogenital tract, Y1R-LI was observed in the collecting tubule cells of the renal papillae and in some epithelial cells of the seminal vesicle. Some chromaffin cells of adrenal medulla were positive for Y1R. The problem of the specificity of the Y1R-LI is evaluated using adsorption tests as well as comparisons among rat, WT mouse, and mouse with deleted Y1R. Our findings support many earlier studies based on other methodologies, showing that Y1Rs on smooth muscle cells of blood vessels mediate NPY-induced vasoconstriction in various organs. In addition, Y1Rs in other cells in parenchymal tissues of several organs suggest nonvascular effects of NPY via the Y1R.
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PMID:Distribution of neuropeptide Y Y1 receptors in rodent peripheral tissues. 1211 74

A rare case of mucinous adenocarcinoma with neuroendocrine differentiation of the mandibular ramus is presented. The patient, an 80-year-old man, was referred to our hospital with chief complaint of swelling and pain in the left buccal mucosa. CT and MRI examination showed an osteolytic tumor mass occupying the upper region of the left mandibular ramus. Macroscopically, the excised tumor was a relatively well-defined, solid mass with diffuse bone resorption, measuring 3 cm x 3.2 cm x 3 cm. Microscopical examination showed that the tumor forming glandular structures with abundant mucous production and high cellular atypia. Immunohistochemical studies demonstrated the positive reactivities for pan-keratin, cytokeratin 7, vimentin,alpha-amylase, alpha-smooth muscle actin, neuron-specific enolase, glial fibrillary acid protein, calcitonin, and somatostatin in tumor cells. These findings suggested that the tumor was originated from heterotopic or misplaced salivary gland in the mandible.
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PMID:Mucinous adenocarcinoma with neuroendocrine differentiation of the mandibular ramus: report of a case. 1467 43

Intrinsic choroidal neurons (ICNs) exist in some primates and bird species. They may act on both vascular and non-vascular smooth muscle cells, potentially influencing choroidal blood flow. Here, we report on the chemical coding of ICNs and eye-related cranial ganglia in the chicken, an important model in myopia research, and further to determine synaptic input onto ICN. Chicken choroid, ciliary, superior cervical, pterygopalatine, and trigeminal ganglia were prepared for double or triple immunohistochemistry of calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), choline acetyltransferase (ChAT), dopamine-beta-hydroxylase, galanin (GAL), neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS), somatostatin (SOM), tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP), vesicular monoamine-transporter 2 (VMAT2), and alpha-smooth muscle actin. For documentation, light, fluorescence, and confocal laser scanning microscopy were used. Chicken ICNs express nNOS/VIP/GAL and do not express ChAT and SOM. ICNs are approached by TH/VMAT2-, CGRP-, and ChAT-positive nerve fibers. About 50% of the pterygopalatine ganglion neurons and about 9% of the superior cervical ganglion neurons share the same chemical code as ICN. SOM-positive neurons in the ciliary ganglion are GAL/NOS negative. CGRP-positive neurons in the trigeminal ganglion lack GAL/SOM. The neurochemical phenotype and synaptic input of ICNs in chicken resemble that of other bird and primate species. Because ICNs lack cholinergic markers, they cannot be readily incorporated into current concepts of the autonomic nervous system. The data obtained provide the basis for the interpretation of future functional experiments to clarify the role of these cells in achieving ocular homeostasis.
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PMID:Intrinsic choroidal neurons in the chicken eye: chemical coding and synaptic input. 2060 73