Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: UNIPROT:P61278 (somatostatin)
 22,083 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

1. Corticotropin-stimulated lipolysis in adipocytes of rats, mice, hamsters, guinea pigs and rabbits. Melanotropins elicited high lipolytic activity only in guinea pig and rabbit adipocytes. Opiate peptides were active only in rabbit adipocytes. Pituitary and chorionic gonadotropins and somatotropin were lipolytic in guinea pig adipocytes. Other hormones tested including prolactin, somatostatin, substance P, neurotensin, angiotensin II, thyrotropin releasing hormone and pancreatic polypeptide were devoid of lipolytic activity in all of the adipocytes studied. 2. In the rabbit adipocytes gamma-melanotropin was lipolytic only at high doses. At these doses the peptide inhibited the lipolytic response to a high dose of corticotropin. 3. Lipolysis stimulated by vasoactive intestinal peptide and epinephrine in rat adipocytes was antagonized by insulin. The lipolytic hormones corticotropin, epinephrine, vasoactive intestinal peptide and secretin suppressed basal and insulin-stimulated lipogenesis.
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PMID:Studies on hormonal regulation of lipolysis and lipogenesis in fat cells of various mammalian species. 196 44

The modulation of Ca2+ currents by neurotransmitters was studied in freshly dissociated rat spinal cord neurons, using the whole-cell patch-clamp technique. GABA, baclofen, adenosine, ATP, serotonin, norepinephrine, somatostatin, and dynorphin A inhibited the current through Ca2+ channels in a substantial fraction of cells, while substance P, vasoactive intestinal polypeptide, [D-ala2,d-leu5]-enkephalin, cholecystokinin-8 (sulfated), calcitonin gene-related peptide, angiotensin II, neurotensin, vasopressin, and thyrotropin-releasing hormone had no effect. In the case of baclofen, the inhibition is mediated, at least in part, by a GTP-binding protein. Suppression of Ca2+ current by neurotransmitters may represent a mechanism of presynaptic inhibition in the spinal cord.
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PMID:Neurotransmitter modulation of calcium current in rat spinal cord neurons. 196 36

Intrajejunal infusion of hypertonic glucose and hypertonic saline inhibits pentagastrin-stimulated gastric acid secretion in man. This effect is generally ascribed to the hyperosmolality of the solutions. Five volunteers were given 50 g glucose in osmolar concentrations of 2700 mosmol/l and 900 mosmol/l, and five were given 25 g glucose in osmolar concentrations of 2700 mosmol/l and 300 mosmol/l. Control studies with intrajejunal infusion of physiologic saline were performed in all subjects. Median inhibition of gastric acid secretion was 91% after 50 g glucose and 47% after 25 g glucose and was unrelated to the osmolar concentration. These findings suggest that the acid-inhibitory effect of intrajejunally administered glucose is related to the glucose load and not to the osmolar concentration. Plasma responses of intact neurotensin, immunoreactivity, NH2-terminal neurotensin immunoreactivity, enteroglucagon, and gastric inhibitory polypeptide were all related to the amount of glucose given. Glucagon and somatostatin, both of which are potent inhibitors of gastric secretion, were not released by intrajejunally administered glucose.
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PMID:Inhibition of gastric acid secretion by jejunal glucose and its relation to osmolality and glucose load. 196 87

This study focuses on the involvement of catecholamines and nine different peptides in efferents of the nucleus of the solitary tract to the central nucleus of the amygdala, the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, and different parabrachial and hypothalamic nuclei in the rat. A double-labeling technique was used that combines a protein-gold complex as the retrograde tracer with immunohistochemistry. Catecholaminergic projection neurons were the most numerous type observed and projected mainly ipsilaterally to all targets studied. Most projections arose from areas overlying the dorsal motor nucleus, mainly the medial nucleus. Neurons synthesizing somatostatin, met-enkephalin-Arg-Gly-Leu, dynorphin B, neuropeptide Y, and neurotensin projected to all structures examined. Somatostatin and enkephalin immunoreactive projection cells were the most numerous. They were located in close proximity to each other, including all subnuclei immediately surrounding the solitary tract, bilaterally. Most dynorphin and neuropeptide Y immunoreactive projection cells were found rostral to that of enkephalinergic and somatostatinergic projections, and mainly in the ipsilateral medial nucleus. Neurotensinergic projections were sparse and from dorsal and dorsolateral nuclei. Substance P and cholecystokinin contribute to parabrachial afferents. The location of substance P immunoreactive projection cells closely resembled that of enkephalinergic and somatostatinergic projections. Projecting cholecystokinin immunoreactive cells were observed in dorsolateral nucleus. Bombesin immunoreactive cells in dorsal nucleus projected to either the parabrachial or hypothalamic nuclei. No vasoactive intestinal polypeptide-containing cells were detected. Thus, most catecholaminergic and neuropeptidergic efferents originated from different populations of cells. It is proposed that catecholaminergic neurons constitute the bulk of solitary efferents and that they may contribute to autonomic neurotransmission. Peptidergic neurons mainly form other subgroups of projections and may play a role in modulating the physiological state of the target nuclei.
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PMID:Neuropeptides and catecholamines in efferent projections of the nuclei of the solitary tract in the rat. 196 68

To study the possible involvements of neuropeptides in the occurrence of convulsion, pentylenetetrazol (PTZ) was given to male Wistar rats weighing 250-350 g, and the concentration of neurotensin (NT), and the maximal number of binding sites (Bmax) and dissociation constant (Kd) of NT receptor in the frontal cortex were measured. The effect of the pretreatment of thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) or ceruletide (CER) on the convulsion was also studied. NT was extracted from the homogenates of rat frontal cortex by boiling, and measured by radioimmunoassay. Membrane fractions were incubated with increasing concentrations of 125I-NT. Nonspecific binding was determined in the presence of unlabeled NT and subtracted from total binding to obtain the specific binding. The Bmax and Kd were calculated by Scatchard analysis. Generalized convulsion appeared after intraperitoneal administration of 50 mg/kg PTZ with a latency of 68.2 +/- 4.4 sec. One hour after the administration, neurotensin-like immunoreactivity (NTLI) concentration was reduced from 4.7 +/- 0.6 to 2.3 +/- 0.1 ng/g wet wt (p less than 0.01) and the Bmax of NT receptor from 17.2 +/- 2.8 to 10.8 +/- 1.1 fmol/mg protein (p less than 0.01). However no significant changes were observed in somatostatin-like immunoreactivity (SSLI) concentration and the Bmax and Kd of SS receptor. These facts indicate that PTZ stimulates the release of NT resulting in down regulation of NT receptor. Pretreatment with intracerebroventricular (icv) administration of 30 micrograms/10 microliters NT 30 min before the 50 mg/kg PTZ administration shortened the duration of the convulsion from 135.0 +/- 42.8 to 11.5 +/- 11.9 sec (p less than 0.01).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:[Involvements of neuropeptides in pentylenetetrazol-induced convulsion in rats and effects of TRH and ceruletide on the convulsion]. 197 Sep 33

The hypothalamus is a major source of afferents to the parabrachial nucleus (PB), but the neurotransmitters in this pathway are largely unknown. In this study, we examine the neuropeptide immunoreactivities of neurons in the hypothalamus that project to the PB by using the combined retrograde fluorescence-immunofluorescence method. After injections of the fluorescent tracer fast blue into the PB, retrogradely labeled neurons were observed in the paraventricular, dorsomedial, ventromedial, median preoptic, and anteroventral periventricular hypothalamic nuclei; in the dorsal, retrochiasmatic, and lateral hypothalamic areas; and in the medial and lateral preoptic areas. Our results show that at least five distinct neuropeptide-immunoreactive cell populations in the hypothalamus project to the PB. In the perifornical lateral hypothalamus, many neurotensin (NT)-, corticotropin-releasing factor-, dynorphin (DYN)-, angiotensin II (AII)-, and galanin-like immunoreactive (-ir) neurons were retrogradely labeled. A cluster of retrogradely labeled neurons in the juxtacapsular lateral hypothalamus stained with an antiserum against alpha-melanocyte stimulating hormone (alpha MSH). Over 50% of the retrogradely labeled cells in the arcuate nucleus were adrenocorticotropin (ACTH)-or alpha MSH-ir. Many alpha MSH- and ACTH-ir, and a few DYN-, NT- and AII-ir neurons in the retrochiasmatic area were retrogradely labeled. Only small numbers of double-labeled neurons were found in the paraventricular nucleus, and, of these, enkephalin-ir and dynorphin-ir neurons were the most common. Somatostatin-ir cells in the hypothalamus were rarely double-labeled. The chemical coding of these hypothalamic projections to the PB may provide important clues to the functional organization of these descending pathways.
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PMID:Neuropeptide organization of the hypothalamic projection to the parabrachial nucleus in the rat. 197 10

A primary culture of the canine jejunal submucosa has been established and used to investigate neuronal somatostatin release. Immunocytochemical characterization of the cultures demonstrated the presence of the following peptidergic neurons: neurotensin (30%), somatostatin (27%), vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (14%), neuropeptide Y (10%), and substance P (5%). No immunoreactive neurons were observed with the available antisera to galanin, gastrin-releasing peptide, and motilin. The concentration of somatostatin-like immunoreactivity, as determined by radioimmunoassay of cell extracts, was 358 +/- 105 pmol/well. Basal release of somatostatin was 4.4 +/- 0.9% total cell content and was significantly inhibited by the addition of substance P at 1 and 100 nM. The addition of the calcium ionophore, A23187, with phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate stimulated somatostatin release in a concentration-dependent manner. These data indicate that short-term cultures of the jejunal submucosal plexus will be an excellent model for determination of the factors influencing the release of neural somatostatin.
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PMID:Canine jejunal submucosa cultures: characterization and release of neural somatostatin. 197 28

The distribution and morphology of intestinal endocrine cells was investigated in the mucosa of pelvic ileal reservoirs using immunocytochemical methods. Endoscopic biopsies were obtained from 15 patients after the construction of a modified J-pouch. The mucosa of the reservoir showed a variable degree of colonic metaplasia in all cases. No relevant quantitative variations of gut endocrine cells were detected, as revealed by immunostaining for the general marker, chromogranin, compared with normal ileal mucosa. Immunostaining for different peptide-containing cells resulted in normal number and morphology of serotonin, enteroglucagon, peptide tyrosine-tyrosine, and somatostatin-containing cells. Neurotensin cells were less numerous than in normal mucosa. The role played by gastrointestinal hormones in the adaptive response of the intestine to pouch construction is, presently, unclear. Further studies involving measurements of fasting and meal-stimulated levels of gut hormones in pouch patients might clarify this aspect.
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PMID:Immunocytochemical study of endocrine cells in pelvic ileal reservoirs. 197 12

The gizzard (muscular stomach) of chicks is deficient in endocrine cells at hatching. It has previously been shown that proventricular types and proportions of endocrine cells can be induced in gizzard endoderm under the influence of proventricular (glandular stomach) mesenchyme. In order to test its capacity to form nongastric endocrine cell types, gizzard endoderm of 3.75- to 5-day chick embryos was combined with mesenchyme from the small intestine of 3.5- to 4-day quail embryos. The combinations were grown as chorio-allantoic grafts until they attained an incubation age comparable to that of hatching chicks. Controls comprised reassociated endoderm and mesenchyme of chick gizzard and of quail intestine. In the experimental grafts, morphogenesis was predominantly intestinal but some grafts showed gizzard-like features, particularly if the endoderm had been provided by older donors. All intestinal endocrine cell types, including those also found in the normal proventriculus (serotonin-, glucagon-, pancreatic polypeptide-, neurotensin- and somatostatin-immunoreactive cells) differentiated in experimental grafts, some even where morphogenesis was gizzard-like. Hence progenitors of not only gastric, but also intestinal, endocrine cells are indeed present in gizzard endoderm. The possibility that gizzard mesenchyme is inhibitory to endocrine cell differentiation is mooted. Motilin- and secretin-immunoreactive cells, which are characteristic of the intestine but not of the proventriculus of chicks at hatching, were respectively sparse or absent when the endoderm was derived from older donors. Thus the ability of gizzard endoderm to differentiate into nongastric endocrine cell types declines before its capacity to form gastric types. The unexpected appearance of gastrin-releasing peptide (GRP)-immunoreactive cells, a proventricular type not found in normal chick intestine, suggests that the intestinal mesenchyme, at least in this instance, was exercising a permissive role.
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PMID:Intestinal mesenchyme provokes differentiation of intestinal endocrine cells in gizzard endoderm. 197 70

The avian wulst, a laminated "bulge" in the dorsal telencephalon, contains several distinct regions. The posterolateral portion (visual wulst) has been proposed to be an avian equivalent of the mammalian striate cortex. The present study examines specific neurotransmitters and neuropeptides within the visual wulst by immunohistochemical techniques. Antisera and monoclonal antibodies against choline acetyltransferase (ChAT), nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR), tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), serotonin (5-HT), glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD), gamma-aminobutyric acid A receptor (GABAAR), cholecystokinin (CCK), substance P (SP), leucine-enkephalin (L-ENK), neurotensin (NT), neuropeptide Y (NPY), somatostatin (SRIF), corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF), and vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) were used. Somata and neuropil displaying specific immunoreactivity were generally distributed in accordance with the laminar cytoarchitectonic organization of the wulst. The superficial layer of the wulst, the hyperstriatum accessorium, contained the highest densities of TH-, 5-HT-, SP-, NPY-, SRIF-, CRF-, and VIP-positive neuropil in the wulst, whereas the highest density of CCK- and NT-staining was found in the deepest layer of the wulst, the hyperstriatum dorsale. In addition to the traditionally defined four laminae of the wulst, the immunoreactive staining revealed several subregions within each lamina. The most dorsolateral portion of the wulst contained the highest densities of ChAT- and L-ENK-stained fibers in the wulst, as well as moderately dense staining of neuropil for 5-HT-, TH-, SP-, and CCK-like immunoreactivity. The nAChR-immunoreactivity was faint and distributed rather uniformly throughout the wulst. The results suggest that the wulst consists of multiple regional variations within layers comparable to laminar variations found within different cytoarchitectonic areas of the mammalian neocortex.
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PMID:Immunohistochemical analysis of the visual wulst of the pigeon (Columba livia). 197 83


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