Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UNIPROT:P61278 (somatostatin)
 22,083 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

1. Rat and porcine galanin (rGal and pGal) produced dose-dependent contraction of rat fundus strips in a concentration range of 6 nM-100 nM. 2. The stimulatory effect of rGal on rat fundus strips was not modified in the presence of somatostatin (250 nM), naloxone (1 microM), guanethidine (10 microM), a mixture of propranolol (3 microM) and phentolamine (3 microM), tetrodotoxin (1 microM), indomethacin (10 microM), atropine (1 microM), a mixture of methysergide (2.5 microM) and ketanserine (2.5 microM), a mixture of mepyramine (10 microM) and cimetidine (10 microM), and saralasin (10 microM) or when strips were desensitized to substance P and neurotensin. 3. These results suggest the localization of specific Gal receptors on the surface of smooth muscle cells of rat fundus. 4. The galanin analogues [D-Trp2]-rGal, [Nle4]-rGal, [D-Ala7]-rGal, [D-Trp2-NLe4-D-Ala7]-rGal and fragments [Cys23]-Gal (1-23), Gal (1-18) were fully active. In contrast, rGal (3-29) was completely inactive and showed no antagonistic properties to the contractile effect of intact galanin. 5. The order of potency of the galanin peptides, analogues and fragments to contract rat fundus strips was: pGal greater than rGal greater than [NLe4]-rGal greater than [Cys23]-Gal (1-23) greater than Gal (1-18) greater than [D-Ala7]-rGal greater than [Trp2]-rGal greater than [D-Trp2-NLe4-D-Ala7]-rGal. 6. The data originating from our structure-activity study suggest that the C-terminal portion of Gal contributes mainly to the affinity of Gal receptors whereas the N-terminal portion of Gal is responsible for the full activation of Gal receptors in this tissue. In particular the amino acids in position 1 and 2 of Gal (Gly-Trp) appear to be essential for binding and intrinsic activity.
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PMID:Effects of galanin, its analogues and fragments on rat isolated fundus strips. 170 74

The purpose of the present study was to determine whether neurochemicals normally found within neuron somata, fibers, and terminals of the hippocampal formation would also be present in transplanted hippocampal tissue that had developed in lesion cavities made in adult rat brains by aspiration of the hippocampus and overlying dorsolateral neocortex. Embryonic Day 15 or 16 rat brian tissue containing hippocampus with some medial pallial anlage was transplanted into the site of hippocampal aspiration lesions in adult male rats. One hundred ten to one hundred thirty-five days later the brains of these rats were sectioned and processed using the avidin-biotin-horseradish peroxidase immunocytochemical procedure to visualize choline acetyltransferase, met-enkephalin (MENK), neurotensin (NT), somatostatin, substance P, tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), or vasoactive intestinal polypeptide. Sections from two brains were stained using the thiocholine technique for visualization of acetylcholinesterase. All of these substances were found within cell bodies and/or fibers in the transplants. However, several abnormalities were noted. In addition to TH-immunoreactive fibers, TH-immunoreactive cell bodies were found in the transplants. Since TH is not expressed in mature hippocampal or cortical neurons this suggests that mechanisms for suppression of manufacture of this enzyme are lacking or inhibited in the transplants. Further, although all of the peptides were present either in fibers or in both cell bodies and fibers, the density of staining for NT and MENK was less than would be expected for normal hippocampus, and none of the cell bodies or fibers reacting for the peptides exhibited any apparent organization resembling that normally observed in hippocampus or cortex. However, some histological organization was present and the cholinergic markers were associated with this organization. These data suggest that some tropic and/or trophic factor such as nerve growth factor is present in the transplants to guide cholinergic innervation.
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PMID:Neurochemical anatomy of fetal hippocampus transplanted into large lesion cavities made in the adult rat brain. 170 34

It has been assumed that the histamine release from mast cells induced by various neuropeptides or basic protein plays some important roles in the development of the hyperreactivity of airways. In the present study, the mechanisms of the histamine release induced by neuropeptides and histone were investigated. Substance P, somatostatin, neurotensin or histone induced histamine release from isolated rat peritoneal mast cells even in the Ca free medium; Ca2+ release from intracellular Ca store was detected very significantly. In order to study the interaction between neuropeptides and phospholipid bilayer of cell membrane, model membrane systems were used. It was indicated that the interaction between basic amino acid residues of neuropeptides and acidic portion in the lipid bilayer caused the conformational changes of neuropeptides from the random coil in the water to the beta-form in the lipids. At the same time, hydrophobic amino acid residues may interact with the hydrophobic region in the lipid bilayer of cell membrane and induce the membrane perturbation, which may cause an increase of the permeability of the membrane. Subsequently, it became evident that after an increase in intracellular Ca2+ concentration, the cytoskeletons inside the mast cell were activated so as to extrude the granules out of the cell.
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PMID:[Mast cell]. 170 50

Sprague-Dawley rats (3 weeks old) were fed on isoenergetic diets in which 40% of the total energy was provided as fat either in the form of butter (high saturated fat), olive oil (high monounsaturated fat) or maize oil (high polyunsaturated fat), with one group on low-fat (10% of total energy) standard diet as a control. Animals were killed after 8.4 (se 0.8) weeks by cardiac puncture. Similar pieces of jejunum and ileum were prepared for morphometric studies. Extracts of tissue from the proximal and distal segments of the whole small intestine from four animals per group were assayed using established techniques for enteroglucagon, motilin, neurotensin, somatostatin, substance P and vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP). We found that maize oil and olive oil increased villus height: crypt depth ratio in both jejunum and ileum. Maize oil increased tissue concentrations of somatostatin (P less than 0.05) and substance P (P less than 0.005) in the proximal segment. Both maize oil and olive oil increased tissue concentrations of neurotensin and substance P (P less than 0.005) in the distal segments. These observations may explain the improvement of intestinal absorption of fluid following supplementation with polyunsaturated fat.
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PMID:Rat small intestinal morphology and tissue regulatory peptides: effects of high dietary fat. 170 45

The density of neurotensin immunoreactivity (NT-IR) was dramatically decreased in 6 of 12 amygdaloid nuclear subregions in patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD) compared to age-matched normals. Diminution of NT-IR was most pronounced in amygdaloid regions containing the greatest number of senile plaques. This contrasts to our previous findings of little, if any, loss of substance P or somatostatin immunoreactivity within these same regions. The present findings corroborate biochemical reports of a decrease in NT-IR in the AD amygdala and suggest that this peptide may be selectively affected relative to other neuropeptides.
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PMID:Reduction of neurotensin immunoreactivity in the amygdala in Alzheimer's disease. 170 31

The ultimobranchial gland is an endocrine organ consisting of C cell groups. In chickens, the glands are richly supplied by nerve fibers immunoreactive for neurofilaments. It was found by immunocytochemical staining that C cells of chick ultimobranchial glands showed immunoreactivities for multiple kinds of neuropeptides and neuroendocrine proteins in addition to calcitonin, i.e., calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), somatostatin, neurotensin, chromogranin A, and tyrosine hydroxylase. Furthermore, enkephalin-immunoreactive cells that showed long cytoplasmic processes and large cell bodies, being distinct from the C cell feature, were detected. The densities of these cells per unit area of ultimobranchial gland were assessed using computer-assisted image analysis system; calcitonin cells were 42.9 +/- 10.0%; CGRP cells 26.9 +/- 5.6%; neurotensin cells 8.6 +/- 6.9%; somatostatin cells 3.1 +/- 1.4%; chromogranin A cells 11.8 +/- 1.8%; tyrosine hydroxylase cells 10.0 +/- 5.2%; enkephalin cells 2.9 +/- 1.3%. Dense distributions of peptidergic nerve fibers were also detected in chick ultimobranchial glands. Numerous varicose fibers immunoreactive for substance P were distributed in the close vicinity to C cell clusters and blood vessels. Enkephalin-immunoreactive fibers were also prominent around C cell clusters. Galanin-, vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP)-, and tyrosine hydroxylase-immunoreactive fibers were distributed around blood vessels only. Subsequently, the ontogeny of these neuropeptides, neuroendocrine proteins, and peptidergic innervations was examined in chickens at various developmental stages. In 10-day-old embryos, weak to moderately intense immunoreactivity for calcitonin was already present in almost all C cells. Immunoreactivities for somatostatin, CGRP, and tyrosine hydroxylase began to appear at this age. At 12 days of incubation, substance P-immunoreactive fibers were first detected in the parenchyma of ultimobranchial glands. Considerable numbers of enkephalin-immunoreactive fibers and cells were also observed. At 14 days of incubation, the largest populations of somatostatin- and enkephalin-immunoreactive cells were attained; the densities of somatostatin- and enkephalin-immunoreactive cells per unit area were 21.2 +/- 3.2% and 12.9 +/- 3.1%, respectively. Substance P-immunoreactive fibers became numerous throughout the gland at this age. Thereafter, calcitonin-, CGRP-, tyrosine hydroxylase-immunoreactive cells progressively increased in number with embryonic age, whereas somatostatin- and enkephalin-immunoreactive cells started to decrease. Chromogranin A- and neurotensin-immunoreactive cells began to appear at 16 days and 18 days of incubation, respectively. Galanin-, VIP-, and tyrosine hydroxylase-immunoreactive fibers were inconspicuous during embryonic life.
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PMID:Immunocytochemical localization and development of multiple kinds of neuropeptides and neuroendocrine proteins in the chick ultimobranchial gland. 170 88

The distribution of chromogranin A (CgA), a soluble protein in dense-core synaptic vesicles expressed by a variety of neuronal cell types, was studied immunocytochemically in Alzheimer's disease and normal aging. In addition to its presence in neuronal perikarya and process, CgA-like immunoreactivity (CgA-li) was demonstrated in multiple dystrophic neurites forming the crown of senile plaques. Two different monoclonal antibodies, LK2H10 and PHE5, gave identical results. In the two regions of the brain studied--the calcarine cortex and the molecular layer of the dentate gyrus--the areal density of plaques associated with CgA-like immunoreactive neurites was greater than the density of Congo red-stainable amyloid cores, but smaller than the density of beta amyloid peptide deposits identified by the Campbell silver stain. By comparison, other synaptically released peptides--somatostatin 28, somatostatin 14, substance P, cholecystokinin, neurotensin, vasoactive intestinal peptide, and leu-enkephalin--were immunocytochemically detected in less than 30% of plaques. Thus CgA appears unique among known synaptically released substances in being present in dystrophic neurites in virtually all classic (i.e., Congo red stainable) plaques and additionally in a subpopulation of preamyloid plaques.
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PMID:Chromogranin A-like immunoreactive neurites are major constituents of senile plaques. 171 Jul 35

The levels of 10 regulatory peptides in acid-alcohol extracts of three regions of the small intestine (0-20%, 30-60%, and 70-100%, with respect to distance from the pylorus) have been monitored radioimmunometrically in sham-infected male (6-8 week old) C57 mice and mice given a 5-cysticercoid infection of the rat tapeworm Hymenolepis diminuta and autopsied 10 days postprimary infection and 5 days postsecondary infection (administered 28 days postprimary infection). The regulatory peptides examined were gastrin, gastrin-releasing peptide (GRP), glucagon (= enteroglucagon), motilin, neurotensin (NT), pancreatic polypeptide (PP), peptide histidine isoleucine (PHI), somatostatin (SRIF), substance P (SP), and vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP). Statistical analyses revealed significant deviations from control values of five of the peptides (enteroglucagon and SP, both elevated; NT, PHI and VIP, all lowered) in intestinal tissue from infected mice; measurement of the same peptides in colonic extracts revealed no significant differences between infected and sham-infected mice. Parallel changes in peptide levels between normal infected and immunosuppressed infected mice were not evident, although elevations in the tissue levels of enteroglucagon and SP were found in infected Wistar rats (normal host). Results are discussed with respect to a peptidergic involvement in the pathology and host immune response to an intestinal tapeworm.
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PMID:Hymenolepis diminuta: changes in the levels of certain intestinal regulatory peptides in infected C57 mice. 171 77

The fasting plasma levels of 9 gastrointestinal regulatory peptides were measured by radioimmunoassay in 13 stable patients with chronic renal failure receiving hemodialysis treatment regularly and compared with those of 10 healthy controls. The plasma concentrations of gastrin-releasing peptide, motilin, neurotensin, pancreatic polypeptide, peptide YY, somatostatin, substance P, and vasoactive intestinal peptide were increased. The plasma level of gastrin was not statistically different from that of the controls (p = 0.077). We conclude that patients with chronic renal failure receiving hemodialysis treatment regularly have increased concentrations of eight of nine measured gastrointestinal regulatory peptides. The elevated levels of gastrointestinal peptides in patients with chronic renal failure may contribute to uremic gastrointestinal symptoms and dysfunctions. It is necessary to make a renal function evaluation before interpreting measured plasma levels of gastrointestinal regulatory peptides.
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PMID:Plasma levels of gastrointestinal regulatory peptides in patients receiving maintenance hemodialysis. 171 7

A variety of histochemical findings have contributed to a more differentiated architectonical description of the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BNST) in the mammalian brain. However, in the human brain investigations of the chemoarchitecture of this nucleus have been rare. Therefore we chose this region in six human autopsy brains in order to map the distribution patterns of 13 immunohistochemical markers for neurotensin (NT), neuropeptide Y (NPY), somatostatin (SOM), enkephalins (ENK), vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP), substance P (SP), neurophysins (NPH), glial fibrillary acid protein, 3-fucosyl-N-acetyl-lactosamine epitope, myelin basic protein (MBP), calbindin (CAB), synaptophysin (SYN) and chromogranin-A (CHR-A). Three chemoarchitectonically distinct areas could be defined. The lateral subdivision of the BNST contained high amounts of NPY and SP-fibre immunoreactivity and was further characterized by the occurrence of neurons labelled for NPY. The central subdivision of the BNST appeared as a histochemically clearly circumscribed compartment with massive fibre immunoreactivity for SOM, ENK, VIP, SYN, CHR-A, CAB as well as SOM, ENK, NT and CAB positive cells but lacked cytosolic or fibre-like immunolabel for NPY and SP. This structure was also ensheathed by myelinated fibres identified by means of MBP immunohistochemistry. The medial subdivision of the BNST showed moderate to high SP and NPY fibre immunoreactivity but lacked immunolabelled neurons and was only scarcely supplied with varicose or punctiform ENK immunoproduct. In the most posterior levels of our sections a cell group labelled for NPH was located lateral to the fornix columns. The lateral subdivision of the BNST (with NPY, SYN) and mainly the central BNST (with SOM, ENK, VIP, SYN and CHR-A) contributed to ventrolateral extensions of dense patchy fibre immunoreactivity throughout the basal forebrain region.
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PMID:Differential distribution of immunohistochemical markers in the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis in the human brain. 171 18


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